Previous studies of plant-pollinator interactions have relied on the use of floral visitation data. Although, this may be insufficient to fully characterize the diversity and strength of plant-pollinator interactions. By using pollen transport data (i.e. pollen on pollinators), new insights can be gained on the structure and function of plant-pollinator communities. Yet studies that characterize and compare pollen-transport with floral-visitation networks are scarce. Furthermore, the strength and frequency of plant-pollinator interactions can vary across temporal scales. Although, monthly and within-day variation in network structure has been little studied. By evaluating variation in network structure across these biologically relevant time scales we will gain a better understanding of the factors that shape plant-pollinator communities. Here, we build plant-pollinator interactions networks based on floral visitation and pollen transport data by observing, collecting and sampling pollen from floral visitors in a southern Appalachian floral community. We aim to 1) compare the congruence of plant-pollinator networks built on floral visitation and pollen transport data and 2) evaluate within season and within-day variation in plant-pollinator network structure. To assess floral visitation and to quantify pollen transport, four 1x40m transects were set up at the study site. Morning collections were conducted between 8:00 AM and 3:00 PM twice per week while afternoon collections took place once per week between 3:01 PM and 5:00 PM over 20 non-consecutive days. All flower visitors observed interacting with a flower’s reproductive structures (i.e. searching for pollen and nectar) were collected.All collected pollinators were processed for surface pollen loads by dabbing the body with a 3x3mm fuschin jelly cube. Each area of the body was dabbed three times to standardize sampling. Identification and quantification of pollen was done using a compound light microscope. Data was then analyzed with the “bipartite” package of R to create bipartite plant-pollinator networks. Procrustes analysis was used to identify differences in network structure. Preliminary results show that the structure of floral visitation and pollen transport networks are significantly different from each other (P <0.01). Pollen-transport network size is almost four times larger (496 links) compared to the floral-visitation network (109 links). Species in the pollen transport network tend to be more connected (connectance = 2.3) and have five times more links per species on average (5.22 links) than floral visitation networks (connectance = 1.1, links = 1.8). Within-season and within-day differences in network structure are currently being evaluated. Our results so far show that pollen transport networks at our study site captured 78% more unique interactions and, thus, provide more accurate network structure. Interpretation of pollen transfer versus floral visitation networks can have important implications for our understanding of community-level functions such as their resilience and stability.

Observation of floral visitation is an accepted method to describe plant-pollinator interactions despite potential biases. Collecting pollen from pollinators offers new insights on the structure and function of plant-pollinator communities. Furthermore, the strength and frequency of plant-pollinator interactions can vary across temporal scales. However, within-season and within-day (morning vs. evening) variation in plant-pollinator networks has been little studied. By evaluating variation in network structure across these biologically relevant time scales, we will gain a better understanding of the factors that shape plant-pollinator communities. The objectives of this study are to 1) Compare the structure of plant-pollinator networks built on floral visitation and pollen transport data, 2) Evaluate intra-annual variation in plant-pollinator network structure and 3) Evaluate variation in plant-pollinator structure within a single day (i.e. morning vs. evening). Congruence and Temporal Variation of Floral Visitation and Pollen Transport Networks in Southern Appalachia