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Bitumen recovery by the water-based extraction process produces waste streams known as tailings. When discharged into the tailing ponds, the coarse solids in the tailings stream settle out quickly, while the fine solids accumulate over years of settling to a solids content of 30-35% by weight. The formed fluid fine solids sludge, known as mature fine tailings (MFT), traps 1-3% by weight hydrocarbons within its stable slurry structure. The remediation of these mature fine tailings is one of the major challenges facing the oil sands industry. This study was intended to investigate the recovery of residual hydrocarbons in the MFT by froth flotation process. Using a laboratory Denver flotation cell operated in a batch mode, the effect of MFT dilution ratio by process water or tap water, the flotation hydrodynamics and aeration rate on hydrocarbon recovery kinetics was studied. It was found that at 1:2 dilution by weight of the MFT with process water, increasing aeration rate has a more favourable effect on recovering more than 85% of the hydrocarbons from the MFT. The hydrocarbon-rich froth produced was treated by naphtha and was found to produce a hydrocarbon product similar to diluted bitumen obtained in bitumen extraction process, suitable for upgrading. Similar approach was applied to the hydrocarbon-rich tailings from the Tailings Solvent Recovery Unit of paraffinic froth treatment. Satisfactory recovery of hydrocarbons from the MFT was obtained using a flotation column operated in a continuous mode, confirmed the results obtained from the batch tests. The tailings produced from the continuous flotation experiments were treated with polymer flocculants such as Magnafloc-1011 and Al-PAM to study the effect of hydrocarbon recovery on the remediation of the MFT. The results from initial tests showed that both flocculants were not as effective on flocculating MFT solids following the recovery of hydrocarbons by froth flotation. / in Chemical Engineering

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The phosphate industry moves in the world, billion of dollars. In Brazil, about 80% of the natural deposit of phosphate is from igneous source, with low grade of P2O5. The economical exploited of these deposits leads to losses of mineral values, demanding like this, more and more, improviments in the concentration process, in order to obtain a better use of the phosphorus sources. Among the major developments attained in the search to satisfy the strict market specifications, column flotation proved to be a proper technique for processing low grade ores, presenting a high liberation degree only at fine size ranges. Particle size is an important parameter on flotation process performance. Most of the observed results show, that for a given flotation system, there is an optimum flotation size range. Fine and coarse particles can lead difficulties in the recovery and/or grade of mineral values. Besides, in a conventional flotation machine there is an enormous difficulty of finding appropriate conditions for obtaining satisfactory recovery and grade in different particle size ranges. In such case, the aim of this work is to study the influence of the particle size on apatite flotation in column. For in such a way, multi-factor experimental designs was carried through, for all size fractions studied. Collector and depressant dosages was the variables analyzed. Ahead of the obtained results, it was made an analysis overall statistics and a canonical analysis in order to optimize the operational conditions. In accordance with the main experimental results, it was possible to find favorable conditions for recoverey and grade of P2O5 in the concentrate for different fractions. Reagents and particle size conditions were determined for better individually results of grade, recovery and selectivity as well as those conditions that lead to recovery values desired and apatite content above of 60 and 33 %, respectively. Particle size range from 37 to 105 µm attained of simultaneous way to satisfactory resulted of the answers apatite grade and recovery. For the analysis of the response surfaces it was observed that the conditions that increase the recovery are, high collector levels and low values for depressant dosage and particle size. For the canonical analysis, it was verified for the P2O5 grade that the conditions that maximize this answer are dosage of collector of 50 g/t, dosage of depressant of 220 g/t and average particle size equal to 269 µm. / A indústria do fosfato movimenta no mundo, bilhões de dólares por ano. No Brasil, cerca de 80% das jazidas de fosfato são de origem ígnea, de baixo teor de P2O5. A exploração econômica dessas reservas leva a perdas de fósforo, exigindo assim, cada vez mais, aprimoramentos no processo de concentração, para se obter um melhor aproveitamento das reservas fosfáticas. Entre os avanços alcançados na busca para atender as restritas especificações de mercado, a coluna de flotação tem-se mostrado adequada para o beneficiamento de minérios complexos, com baixos teores e granulometria mais fina. O tamanho de partícula é uma variável importante para o desempenho do processo de flotação. A maioria dos resultados observados na literatura mostra que para um determinado sistema de flotação, há uma faixa de tamanho de partícula ótima para o processo. Partículas muito finas ou muito grossas podem acarretar em dificuldades na recuperação do minério de interesse. Além disso, em um equipamento de flotação convencional, existe uma enorme dificuldade de encontrar condições adequadas para a obtenção de recuperação e teor satisfatórios em faixas de tamanhos muito distintos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a influência do tamanho da partícula na flotação da apatita em coluna. Para tanto, foram realizados, para as diferentes faixas de tamanho analisadas, planejamentos fatoriais tendo como variáveis as dosagens de coletor e depressor. Diante dos resultados obtidos, foi feita uma análise estatística global e uma análise canônica a fim de otimizar as condições operacionais. Através destes resultados foi possível encontrar as condições que favorecem a recuperação e o teor de P2O5 no concentrado obtido nas diversas frações granulométricas. Determinou-se as condições de granulometria e reagentes que levam aos melhores resultados das respostas teor, recuperação e seletividade de forma isolada, assim como aquelas condições que levam a resultados de teor e recuperação de P2O5 de forma simultânea acima dos valores desejados na indústria, ou seja, teor e recuperação acima de 33 e 60 %, respectivamente. A faixa de tamanho de 37 a 105 µm levou ao mesmo tempo a resultados satisfatórios das respostas teor e recuperação de apatita. Pela análise das superfícies de resposta observou-se que as condições que aumentam a recuperação são, altos níveis de coletor e baixos valores para dosagem de depressor e tamanho de partícula. Pela análise canônica, verificou-se, para o teor, que as condições que maximizam esta resposta são dosagem de coletor de 50 g/t, dosagem de depressor de 220 g/t e tamanho de partícula médio igual a 269 µm. / Mestre em Engenharia Química