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Cette thèse porte sur la problématique de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par captage et stockage du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) contenu dans les effluents industriels. Les procédés de captage concernés reposent sur l’absorption sélective du CO2 par des solutions aqueuses d’alcanolamines. Les mécanismes physico-chimiques d’absorption mis en jeu sont étudiés à l’aide de modèles thermodynamiques. Leur développement est complexe et la prédiction précise des données physico-chimiques, nécessaires à l’optimisation des procédés industriels de captage, reste difficile. Le développement d’outils permettant une représentation détaillée des structures microscopiques permettrait l’optimisation de ces modèles. Ces outils fourniraient également des informations pour l’établissement de relations structure-propriété nécessaires au design d’absorbants adaptés au captage en post-combustion. Les travaux de recherche ont porté sur l’évaluation du pouvoir prédictif des outils de simulation moléculaire et leur capacité à établir des relations entre la structure des absorbants, les interactions moléculaires et les propriétés physicochimiques macroscopiques. Les outils développés ont été construits afin de permettre leur transférabilité entre alcanolamines. L’étude repose sur des mesures calorimétriques et des travaux de simulation par dynamique moléculaire menés en parallèle. Elle porte sur des alcanolamines primaires, pures ou en solutions aqueuses, basées sur le squelette N-C-C-O, incluant la monoéthanolamine (MEA). La mise en évidence d’un effet d’ouverture des liaisons hydrogène intramoléculaires des alcanolamines en fonction de leur composition semble être à la base de la différenciation du comportement énergétique des systèmes binaires {alcanolamine + eau}. L’identification des différents types d’interactions engagés a permis de mettre en lumière un effet hydrophobe. L’ensemble des analyses explique certaines limites des modèles thermodynamiques classiques et constitue un guide pour leur amélioration, notamment par la prise en compte de l’effet de composition. / This thesis focuses on the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial effluents. The capture processes concerned is based on the selective absorption of CO2 by aqueous solutions of alkanolamines. In industry and academia, the physico-chemical mechanisms of absorption are described using thermodynamic models. Their development is complex and the prediction of physicochemical data, which is necessary to optimize industrial capture processes, remains difficult. The development of molecular models for a detailed representation of microscopic structures would improve these models. These molecular models also provide information for the establishment of structure-property relationships which are necessary to design absorbants adapted to post-combustion capture. This doctoral research project has focused on assessing the predictive power of molecular simulation methods and their ability to establish relationships between the structure of absorbents, molecular interactions and macroscopic physico-chemical properties. The molecular interaction models were built to allow their transferability between alkanolamines. The study is based on calorimetric measurements and molecular dynamics simulation run in parallel. It covers primary alkanolamines, pure or in aqueous solutions, based on the N-C-C-O skeleton, including monoethanolamine (MEA). With varying composition of the {alkanolamine + water} mixtures, there is a competition between the intramolecular hydrogen bond of the alkanolamines (between the amino and hydroxyl group) and the hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This effect of opening of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds is related in this work with the value of the enthalpy of mixing. Also, this effect is of different magnitude for different alkanolamines and therefore the present model represents correctly different molecules. Evidence of the role of the hydrophobic effect is also given through an analysis of the different terms in the interactions. The main results of the present work are detailed analyses at the molecular level of the interactions present in the {alkanolamine + water} mixtures and how these determine the macroscopic thermodynamics of mixing. This knowledge at the molecular scale can provide a guide to the improvement of thermodynamic models.

This thesis describes the optimisation of the calorimeter design for collider experiments at the future Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) and the International Linear Collider (ILC). The detector design of these experiments is built around high-granularity Particle Flow Calorimetry that, in contrast to traditional calorimetry, uses the energy measurements for charged particles from the tracking detectors. This can only be realised if calorimetric energy deposits from charged particles can be separated from those of neutral particles. This is made possible with fine granularity calorimeters and sophisticated pattern recognition software, which is provided by the PandoraPFA algorithm. This thesis presents results on Particle Flow calorimetry performance for a number of detector configurations. To obtain these results a new calibration procedure was developed and applied to the detector simulation and reconstruction to ensure optimal performance was achieved for each detector configuration considered. This thesis also describes the development of a software compensation technique that vastly improves the intrinsic energy resolution of a Particle Flow Calorimetry detector. This technique is implemented within the PandoraPFA framework and demonstrates the gains that can be made by fully exploiting the information provided by the fine granularity calorimeters envisaged at a future linear collider. A study of the sensitivity of the CLIC experiment to anomalous gauge couplings that {affect} vector boson scattering processes is presented. These anomalous couplings provide insight into possible beyond standard model physics. This study, which utilises the excellent jet energy resolution from Particle Flow Calorimetry, was performed at centre-of-mass energies of 1.4 TeV and 3 TeV with integrated luminosities of 1.5$\text{ab}^{-1}$ and 2$\text{ab}^{-1}$ respectively. The precision achievable at CLIC is shown to be approximately one to two orders of magnitude better than that currently offered by the LHC. In addition, a study into various technology options for the CLIC vertex detector is described.