Human activities are increasingly altering ecosystems, and are especially severe in streams where flow modification can affect environments far downstream and can interact with other pressures, such as species invasions. This has led to a disproportionately high number of threatened species in streams (e.g., native galaxiid fishes in New Zealand). I investigated how threatened bignose galaxias (Galaxias macronasus) and upland longjaw galaxias (Galaxias prognathus) were affected by flow-related influences in their habitats. A survey of sub-catchments in the Mackenzie Basin showed that flow regulation played a strong role in influencing fish occurrence; native fishes dominated unregulated rivers and introduced species dominated regulated rivers. Upland longjaw galaxias (ULG) were sparsely distributed and only found in unmodified braided rivers. Targeted surveys in these rivers indicated their habitat selection was weak, and although habitat availability was high, individual habitats were only occupied for short periods because floods frequently reconfigured the river bed. Thus, disturbances played a major role in ULG populations, forcing a strategy of weak habitat selection and frequent movement. This also makes them vulnerable to large-scale flow changes making the habitat more benign and potentially increasing competition (e.g., from invasive trout). Bignose galaxias were only locally abundant in very low discharge habitats lacking other fishes, so were restricted to very small parts of the river network. An experiment manipulating flows showed bignose galaxias moved into slower habitats over the short-term, suggesting a slow-flow preference, but not excluding the competitive influences of other fish like trout. Overall, this work shows these threatened fishes are susceptible to many of the current and future global changes affecting freshwaters like habitat alteration and invaders, but the above knowledge should allow targeted management of these influences for these highly threatened endemic fish.

This diploma thesis “The Assessment of the Capacity of Bridge Profiles on the Bobrava River” focuses on making calculations of a system of bridges by using HEC-RAS PC software. This thesis assesses the capacity of bridges and applies knowledge of model research to design increase the capacity. A model of a stream on Bobrava River will be created. Furthermore, modifications of a river bed and bridge profiles will be realized for safe conversion Q100 by these constructions. Subsequently, a model of the modified stream n Bobrava River will be made. Lengthways profiles of water surface, table and graphic outputs from HEC-RAS PC software and modified designs will be output.

En l’espace d’une dizaine d’années, les jets de plasma froid à pression atmosphérique ont su s’imposer comme un outil pertinent pour les applications biomédicales. La simplicité de conception et d’utilisation de ces dispositifs, combinée à leurs facultés de produire des espèces réactives (NO, OH, O …), ont significativement contribué au développement rapide du domaine. Beaucoup d’efforts ont été entrepris dans le développement de diagnostics quantitatifs, pour mesurer la production des espèces réactives dans la plume plasma d’un jet donné. Toutefois, la diversité des géométries de décharge, des sources d’alimentations électriques ou des conditions d’utilisation, rendent les comparaisons d’un jet à l’autre, difficiles. Cette thèse a porté sur l’étude du jet de plasma froid à pression atmosphérique développé au GREMI, le Plasma Gun (hélium, impulsion de tension microseconde). Nous avons étudié les mécanismes de décharge susceptibles de considérablement affecter la production d’espèces réactives, dans des conditions approchantes d’applications biomédicales. La thèse s’articule en trois chapitres principaux : l’étude de la modification de l’écoulement de l’hélium par plasma (par strioscopie) ; l’étude de la propagation du plasma dans le capillaire diélectrique (étude expérimentale et numérique de la dynamique de propagation rapide du plasma et de l’évolution du champ électrique en mélange hélium-azote) ; l’étude de l’interaction du plasma avec une cible conductrice (mesures dans le capillaire et dans la plume de l’évolution spatiale et temporelle de la concentration des métastables de l’hélium, corrélées à des mesures du champ électrique). Ce dernier point est en particulier représentatif de tout jet plasma en condition traitement biomédical in vivo et tend à faire une distinction fondamentale avec les mécanismes de décharge du jet plasma dit « libre », sans obstacle entravant la plume plasma. / Over the past ten years, the cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets (CAPPJ) became useful devices for biomedical applications. Their relatively simple design and use, combine with their ability to produce reactive species (NO, OH, O, …), led to a rapid research growth in this field. A lot of studies have been devoted to quantitative diagnostics development for the reactive species production measurements in the plasma plume. However, it is difficult to compare one jet with another because of the huge variety of discharge geometries, electric power supplies or operating conditions. This thesis deals with the study of the CAPPJ developed in GREMI, the Plasma Gun (helium feeded, microsecond voltage pulse). We have studied discharge mechanisms which strongly impact the reactive species production in near target biomedical application conditions. This study is divided in three parts : the study of helium flow modifications induced by the plasma (strioscopy visualization); the study of plasma propagation inside dielectric capillary (experimental and numerical study of fast plasma propagation dynamic and electric field evolution for helium-nitrogen mixtures); the study of conductive target-plasma interaction (space and time resolved measurements inside the capillary and the plasma plume of helium metastable production, correlated with electric field evolution). The conductive target contact concerns any in vivo biomedical treatments. CAPPJ in front of such a conductive target leads to fundamentally different discharge mechanisms compare to the free jet case.

Peripheral vascular grafts are used for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease and arteriovenous grafts for vascular access in end stage renal disease. The development of neo-intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis in the distal anastomosis remains the main reason for occlusion in that region. The local haemodynamics produced by a graft in the host vessel is believed to significantly affect endothelial function. Single spiral flow is a normal feature in medium and large sized vessels and it is induced by the anatomical structure and physiological function of the cardiovascular system. Grafts designed to generate a single spiral flow in the distal anastomosis have been introduced in clinical practice and are known as spiral grafts. In this work, spiral peripheral vascular and arteriovenous grafts were compared with conventional grafts using ultrasound and computational methods to identify their haemodynamic differences. Vascular-graft flow phantoms were developed to house the grafts in different surgical configurations. Mimicking components, with appropriate acoustic properties, were chosen to minimise ultrasound beam refraction and distortion. A dual-beam two-dimensional vector Doppler technique was developed to visualise and quantify vortical structures downstream of each graft outflow in the cross-flow direction. Vorticity mapping and measurements of circulation were acquired based on the vector Doppler data. The flow within the vascular-graft models was simulated with computed tomography based image-guided modelling for further understanding of secondary flow motions and comparison with the experimental results. The computational assessments provided a three-dimensional velocity field in the lumen of the models allowing a range of fluid dynamic parameters to be predicted. Single- or double-spiral flow patterns consisting of a dominant and a smaller vortex were detected in the outflow of the spiral grafts. A double- triple- or tetra-spiral flow pattern was found in the outflow of the conventional graft, depending on model configuration and Reynolds number. These multiple-spiral patterns were associated with increased flow stagnation, separation and instability, which are known to be detrimental for endothelial behaviour. Increased in-plane mixing and wall shear stress, which are considered atheroprotective in normal vessels, were found in the outflow of the spiral devices. The results from the experimental approach were in agreement with those from the computational approach. This study applied ultrasound and computational methods to vascular-graft phantoms in order to characterise the flow field induced by spiral and conventional peripheral vascular and arteriovenous grafts. The results suggest that spiral grafts are associated with advanced local haemodynamics that may protect endothelial function and thereby may prevent their outflow anastomosis from neo-intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis. Consequently this work supports the hypothesis that spiral grafts may decrease outflow stenosis and hence improve patency rates in patients.