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Nous nous sommes intéressés dans la présente thèse à l’étude de l’écoulement gravitaire de nappesliquides non guidées qui s’écoulent verticalement dans l’air ambiant. Après une synthèse bibliographique,nous avons réalisé une double étude, expérimentale et numérique, en considérant des liquidesde viscosités différentes (allant de 1 à 50 fois celle de l’eau) et de tension superficielle proche de cellede l’eau. Le nombre de Reynolds Rel du liquide a varié de quelques unités à quelques milliers alorsque le nombre de Weber du liquide allait approximativement de 0.1 à 10. Le dispositif expérimentalque nous avons mis en place nous a permis de créer et d’étudier les formes géométriques des nappesliquides. Nous avons employé une méthode expérimentale originale pour mesurer le champ d’épaisseurdes nappes. Nous avons mené, parallèlement aux expériences, des simulations numériques 2D et 3Dinstationnaires et diphasiques (VOF), utilisant le calcul parallèle. Nous avons trouvé que les nappesexpérimentales et numériques deviennent plus courtes (verticalement) et moins épaisses lorsque le débitdiminue. Expérimentalement, lorsque le débit du liquide devient suffisamment faible, des filamentsliquides commencent à apparaître à coté d’une nappe moins large qu’auparavant. Dans le cas desnappes d’eau, cette transition de régime d’écoulement a été précédée de l’apparition systématique detrous dans la partie inférieure des nappes. Pour les autres liquides newtoniens plus visqueux (solutionsaqueuses de glycérine), l’apparition des filaments liquides a été précédée d’une déstabilisation des bourreletsqui délimitent la partie plane des nappes. Nous avons étendu par la suite l’étude expérimentaleà celle de fluides au comportement rhéologique plus complexe en utilisant un liquide non newtonienrhéofluidifiant. Nous avons montré pour ce fluide rhéofluidifiant que le débit associé à la transition versle régime des filaments diminue en comparaison avec celui associé à un liquide newtonien de viscositésimilaire. Cela nous a conduit à suggérer que la présence des propriétés rhéofluidifiantes des nappesliquides peut représenter une solution pour les applications de "coating" pour lesquelles on cherche àproduire des nappes stables et sans percement dans des configurations d’écoulement de faibles débits. / In this thesis, unguided plane liquid sheets flowing vertically by gravity in an ambient air atmosphereare studied experimentally and numerically. First of all a litterature survey clearly identified themain issues regarding the dynamics and modelling of such flows. Subsequently, different liquids exhibitinga wide range of viscosity (1 to 50 times that of water) and a surface tension close to that of waterwere selected. The liquid flow regimes were characterized by a Reynolds number Rel ranging from afew units to a few thousand while the Weber number Wel was varied between 0.1 to 10. A dedicatedexperimental system was designed and operated to study the relevant sheet features (geometry, thickness)by means of an original optical method. In parallel, finite volume based 2D and 3D simulationsof the flows were undertaken. All rely on the volume of fluid method (VOF) combined with adaptivemeshing. The experimental and numerical sheets became shorter (vertically) and thinner as the massflow rate decreased. Experimentally, when the mass flow rate of the liquid becomes sufficiently low,liquid threads begin to appear next to a narrower sheet than before. In the case of water, this flowregime transition was preceded by the systematic appearance of holes in the lower part of the sheets.For the other more viscous Newtonian liquids (mixtures of water and glycerin), the appearance of theliquid threads was preceded by a destabilization of the rims which delimited the flat part of the sheets.The experimental study was then extended to fluids featuring more complex rheological behavior e.g.by the use of a non-Newtonian shear-thinning fluid. For such a fluid, it was shown that the criticalmass flow rate associated with the transition towards the threads regime was lower than its Newtoniancounterpart of similar viscosity. It is suggested that the presence of shear-thinning properties in liquidsheets may represent a solution for "coating" applications for which stable and non-pierced curtainsin flow configurations of low mass flow rates are targeted.

From the Proceedings of the 1973 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 4-5, 1973, Tucson, Arizona / An infiltrometer was designed to more closely simulate natural storm characteristics and still maintain sufficient portability to be used in various test sites in the field. In addition to portability, a relatively large test plot can be used over a relatively long duration. The instrument is designed to produce rainfall intensities of 2 to 6 inches per hour which are comparable to natural storm intensities found in northern Arizona. Capillary tubes produce water drops of equivalent kinetic energy at impact to natural raindrops. Errors due to lateral flow are minimized through peripheral wetting. Mounting the infiltrometer on a four-wheel drive vehicle allows nearly the portability of a hand carried unit with a greater water carrying capacity and allows the equipment to be large enough to test a representative plot.

In present finite element study, the dynamics of incompressible isothermal flows of Newtonian and two generalised non-Newtonian models through complex mixing-separating planar channel and circular pipe filled with and without porous media, including Darcy's term in momentum equation, is presented. Whilst, in literature this problem is solved only for planar channel flows of Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids. The primary aim of this study is to examine the laminar flow behaviour of Newtonian and inelastic non-Newtonian fluids, and investigate the robustness of the numerical algorithm. The rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluids are defined utilising a range of constitutive equations, for inelastic non-Newtonian fluids non-linear viscous models, such as Power Law and Bird-Carreau models are used to capture the shear thinning behaviour of fluids. To simulate such complex flows, steady-state solutions are sought employing time-dependent finite element algorithm. Temporal derivatives are discretised using second order Taylor series expansion, while, spatial discretisation is achieved through Galerkin approximation in combination to deal with incompressibility a pressure-correction scheme adopted. In order to achieve the algorithm of semi-implicit form Darcy's-Brinkman equation is utilized for the conversion in Darcy's terms and diffusion, while Crank-Nicolson approach is adopted for stability and acceleration. Simple and complex flows for various complex flow bifurcations of the combined mixing-separating geometries, for both two-dimensional planar channel in Cartesian coordinates, as well as axisymmetric circular tube in cylindrical polar coordinates system are investigated. These geometries consist of a two-inverted channel and pipe flows connected through a gap in common partitions, initially filled with non-porous materials and later with homogeneous porous materials. Computational domain is having variety it has been investigated with many configurations. These computational domains have been appeared in industrial applications of combined mixing and separating of fluid flows both for porous and non-porous materials. Fully developed velocity profile is applied on both inlets of the domain by imposing analytical solutions found during current study for porous materials. Numerical study has been conducted by varying flow rates and flow direction due to a variety in the domain. The influence of varying flow rates and flow directions are analysed on flow structure. Also the impact of increasing inertia, permeability and power law index on flow behaviour and pressure difference are investigated. From predicted solution of present numerical study, for Newtonian fluids a close agreement is realised between numerical solutions and experimental data. During simulations, it has been noticed that enhancing fluid inertia (flow rates), and permeability has visible effects on the flow domains. When the Reynolds number value increases the size and power of the vortex for recirculation increases. Under varying flow rates an early activity of vortex development was observed. During change in flow directions reversed flow showed more inertial effects as compared with unidirectional flows. Less significant influence of inertia has been observed in domains filled with porous media as compared with non-porous. The power law model has more effects on inertia and pressure as compared with Bird Carreau model. Change in the value of permeability gave significant impact on pressure difference. Numerical simulations for the domain and fluids flow investigated in this study are encountered in the real life of mixing and separating applications in the industry. Especially this purely quantitative numerical investigation of flows through porous medium will open more avenues for future researchers and scientists.