Today, graphs are used for many things. In engineering, graphs are used to design circuits in very large scale integration. In computer science, graphs are used in the representation of the structure of software. They show information such as the flow of data through the program (known as the data flow graph [1]) or the information about the calling sequence of programs (known as the call graph [145]). These graphs consist of many classes of graphs and may occupy a large area and involve a large number of vertices and edges. The manual layout of graphs is a tedious and error prone task. Algorithms for graph layout exist but tend to only produce a 'good' layout when they are applied to specific classes of small graphs. In this thesis, research is presented into a new automatic graph layout technique. Within many graphs, common structures exist. These are structures that produce 'good' layouts that are instantly recognisable and, when combined, can be used to improve the layout of the graphs. In this thesis common structures are given that are present in call graphs. A method of using subgraph isomorphism to detect these common structures is also presented. The method is known as the ANHOF method. This method is implemented in the ANHOF system, and is used to improve the layout of call graphs. The resulting layouts are an improvement over layouts from other algorithms because these common structures are evident and the number of edge crossings, clusters and aspect ratio are improved.

Time-accurate calculations are used to investigate the three-dimensional flow structure and understand its influence on the heat transfer in a channel with concave indentations on one wall. A dimple depth to channel height ratio of 0.4 and dimple depth to imprint diameter ratio of 0.2 is used in the calculations. The Reynolds number (based on channel height) varies from Re = 25 in the laminar regime to Re = 2000 in the early turbulent regime. Fully developed flow and heat transfer conditions were assumed and a constant heat flux boundary condition was applied to the walls of the channel. In the laminar regime, the flow and heat transfer characteristics are dominated by the recirculation zones in the dimple with resulting augmentation ratios below unity. Flow transition is found to occur between Re = 1020 and 1130 after which both heat transfer and friction augmentation increase to values of 3.22 and 2.75, respectively, at Re = 2000. The presence of large scale vortical structures ejected from the dimple cavity dominate all aspects of the flow and heat transfer, not only on the dimpled surface but also on the smooth wall. In all cases the thermal efficiency using dimples was found to be significantly larger than other heat transfer augmentation techniques currently employed. / Master of Science

Complex flow structures consisting of branching, multi-scale, hierarchically arranged flow paths can be a beneficial in certain applications by providing lower hydraulic and thermal resistances than conventional flow arrangements. In this study, an experimental approach was used to investigate the hydrodynamic and thermal effects of the complexity, or degree of branching, in microscale complex flow structures. The primary focus of this work was to develop new concepts to advance the current capabilities of complex flow structures through management of complexity. The effects of complexity were determined from experiments performed on a set of microfluidic test sections which were identical except for the complexity of the underlying microchannel configuration. Comparison of the relative hydrodynamic and thermal performance indicates that complexity has a strong effect on both the pressure drop and heat transfer. When the pumping power is taken into account, the results suggest that higher complexity arrangements improve the overall thermal-hydraulic performance. This conclusion was confirmed by the trends observed in the coefficient of performance, a measure of the device thermal efficiency. To address the limitations of conventional fixed-complexity designs, the concept of a variable-complexity flow structure is developed. With a variable-complexity design, the configuration of a branched flow structure can be dynamically controlled to improve performance as operational conditions vary. This concept was successfully demonstrated by developing and testing an active variable-complexity microfluidic device in which pneumatically controlled microvalves were used to create different flow channel configurations. The variable-complexity concept was further refined by developing a microfluidic device with a passive variable-complexity design in which the flow channel configuration changed autonomously based on local temperatures. By using microvalves containing a temperature sensitive polymer, the flow configuration of the device was made thermally adaptive. Experiments were performed to characterize the behavior of the polymer microvalves and the overall device performance. The results showed that the device was capable of tracking changes in external heat sources by adapting and reconfiguring its internal flow structure. The experiments also showed how this variable-complexity design can reduce the pumping power expenditure by automatically directing flow only to areas where it is required. / text

Orientador: Renato Bertolino Júnior / Banca: Haroldo de Mayo Bernardes / Banca: João Alberto Venegas Requena / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo obter numericamente os valores das distribuições de pressões devidas a ação do vento e seus respectivos coeficientes de pressões de formas externos em torres de seção circular. As distribuições de pressões nas torres são determinadas através da simulação numérica, utilizando-se o programa ANSYS 9.0, considerando-se a interação fluido-estrutura. Para a simulação numérica, a geometria da torre foi modelada tridimensionalmente, considerando como fluido o ar no qual a edificação está inserida. As distribuições de pressão foram determinadas para relações geométricas em planta da torre, entre a altura e o diâmetro (h/d), para valores menores ou iguais a 10. Posteriormente, comparam-se os resultados numéricos obtidos na simulação através do ANSYS com os valores apresentados pela norma NBR-6123:1988, a fim de verificar a viabilidade da utilização da simulação numérica na obtenção das distribuições de pressão em outras estruturas. / Abstract: The present work has for objective to obtain the distributions pressures values the wind actions in tower with circular section. The values of the distributions pressures are obtained to the numeric simulation, using the ANSYS 9.0 software and considering the flow structure interaction. In the numeric simulation, the tower geometry was considered in 3D dimension, and the flowed it is the air. The distributions pressures were certain for geometry relationships between the height and the diameter (h/d), for values smaller or equal than 10. Later, the ANSYS numeric results are compared with the presents values by the NBR 6123:1998, in order to verify the viability numeric simulation used for obtaining the pressures distributions in other structures. / Mestre

No description available.

The mean flowfield and time-dependent characteristics of a Mach 5 cylinder-induced transitional shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction have been studied experimentally. The objectives of the study were to: (i) provide a detailed description of the mean flow structure of the interaction, and (ii) characterize the unsteadiness of the interaction based on fluctuating pressure measurements. / text

The effects of shape and relative submergence (the ratio of flow depth to obstacle height, d/H) were investigated on the wakes around four different low-aspect-ratio wall-mounted obstacles: semi-ellipsoids with the major axes of the base ellipses aligned in the streamwise and transverse directions, two cylinders with aspect ratios matching the ellipsoids. Wake structure of a fully submerged, spherical obstacle was also investigated in the same flow conditions to provide insight into the flow obstacle interaction with ramification to sediment transport. A low-aspect-ratio semi-ellipsoid was chosen as broad representative of a freshwater mussel projecting from a river bed, and a sphere was employed as representative of a boulder. Two cylinders were used due to their similarity to geometries investigated in other studies. Digital Particle Image Velocimetry and thermal anemometry were used to interrogate the flow. For ellipsoids and cylinders, streamwise features observed in the mean wake included counter-rotating distributions of vorticity inducing downwash (tip structures), upwash (base structures), and horseshoe vortices. In particular, the relatively subtle change in geometry produced by the rotation of the ellipsoid from the streamwise to the transverse orientation resulted in a striking modification of the mean streamwise vorticity distribution in the wake. Tip structures were dominant in the former case while base structures were dominant in the latter. A vortex skeleton model of the wake is proposed in which arch vortex structures, shed from the obstacle, are deformed by the competing mechanisms of Biot-Savart self-induction and the external shear flow. An inverse relationship was observed between the relative submergence and the strength of the base structures for the ellipsoids, with a dominant base structure observed for d/H = 1 in both cases. The wake of the sphere is more complex than ellipsoidal geometries. Streamwise features observed in the mean wake including tip, horseshoe structures, and weak upwash. The shedding characteristics and dynamics of the wake were examined. Weak symmetric shedding was observed in the wakes of streamwise and transverse ellipsoids at d/H = 3.9 while cross-spectral measurements confirmed downstream and upstream tilting of arch structures shed by the transverse and streamwise ellipsoids, respectively. Much weaker peaks in the power spectrum were observed for low- and high-aspect-ratio cylinders. While the dominant Strouhal number remained constant as the relative submergence was reduced to d/H = 2.5 for the ellipsoids, it increased abruptly at d/H = 1 and transitioned to an antisymmetric mode. For sphere geometry at d/H = 3.9, a weak dominant frequency was observed close to obstacle junction and the cross-correlation function for symmetric measurements in the wake indicates symmetric shedding. These results demonstrate a means by which to achieve significant modifications to flow structure and transport mechanisms in the flow.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:32:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carrera_fh_me_ilha.pdf: 1664760 bytes, checksum: 5e03e489b4282bd00667bb00a9844991 (MD5) / PROPG / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo obter numericamente os valores das distribuições de pressões devidas a ação do vento e seus respectivos coeficientes de pressões de formas externos em torres de seção circular. As distribuições de pressões nas torres são determinadas através da simulação numérica, utilizando-se o programa ANSYS 9.0, considerando-se a interação fluido-estrutura. Para a simulação numérica, a geometria da torre foi modelada tridimensionalmente, considerando como fluido o ar no qual a edificação está inserida. As distribuições de pressão foram determinadas para relações geométricas em planta da torre, entre a altura e o diâmetro (h/d), para valores menores ou iguais a 10. Posteriormente, comparam-se os resultados numéricos obtidos na simulação através do ANSYS com os valores apresentados pela norma NBR-6123:1988, a fim de verificar a viabilidade da utilização da simulação numérica na obtenção das distribuições de pressão em outras estruturas. / The present work has for objective to obtain the distributions pressures values the wind actions in tower with circular section. The values of the distributions pressures are obtained to the numeric simulation, using the ANSYS 9.0 software and considering the flow structure interaction. In the numeric simulation, the tower geometry was considered in 3D dimension, and the flowed it is the air. The distributions pressures were certain for geometry relationships between the height and the diameter (h/d), for values smaller or equal than 10. Later, the ANSYS numeric results are compared with the presents values by the NBR 6123:1998, in order to verify the viability numeric simulation used for obtaining the pressures distributions in other structures.

This thesis is a study of the effects of distributed roughness elements on a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer. Measurements were taken on a total of ten rough wall configurations: four involving Gaussian spikes, and six with circular cylindrical posts. Rough wall flows are particularly suited to study with Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) due to the fact that measurements are required near a solid surface, as well has in highly turbulent fluid. The LDV system used in this study is a fine resolution (~50 micron), three-component, fiber optic system. All mean velocities, Reynolds stresses, and triple products are measured. This study is unique in the range and variety of roughness cases for which data was taken. The data show that the flow over a rough wall is characterized by high levels of turbulence near the roughness element peaks at the interface between low-speed, near-wall fluid and the higher speed fluid above. Behind an element, high-momentum fluid sweeps toward the wall, and there is a small region of ejection of low-momentum fluid. Cylindrical elements typically have larger magnitudes of turbulent stresses at their peaks compared to Gaussian elements. Trends in mean velocity profile parameters such as displacement height, roughness effect, and wake parameter are examined with respect to roughness element geometry and spacing. / Master of Science

No description available.