Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references Also available via World Wide Web.

A time-resolved holographic interferometer specially suited for high-speed visualization of the gas flow in shock tube experiments has been developed. Holographic interferometry, which is based on the recording of two coincident holograms at different times so that one of them acts as a reference field, can accurately reveal the density distribution in a gas. The device described here fills the need for a practical method to record short sequences of holographic interferograms documenting the evolution of shock wave reflections that are not self-similar in time. Multiple hologram recording was implemented on an existing holographic interferometric system through the technique of spatial frequency multiplexing, in which the holograms are overlaid but the reference beam is angled differently for each exposure. Because the object beam is not involved in the multiplexing process, the imaging optics of the original system could be left unmodified. The upgrade only entailed the introduction of an angular sweeping system in the reference beam path. The beam multiplexing assembly was initially based on a spinning mirror design, which produced fairly satisfactory recordings of non-interferometric holographic sequences but was incapable of accurately overlaying a second set of exposures establishing the reference field for each image. The mechanical sweeping system had other drawbacks as well, among them the tendency to create extraneous fringes in the holographic images because of the unavoidable angular motion of the reference beam over the duration of a laser pulse. A solid-state multiplexing system was then devised in which the reference beam was split into several branches, each aimed at the film from a different direction and individually shuttered by a ferroelectric liquid crystal light valve. Beam sweeping was achieved by opening the shutters in sequence as the laser was pulsed, but it was also possible to record the reference exposure on all images simultaneously with a single laser pulse by having all shutters open at the same time. A prototype three-image system was constructed and successfully tested by recording interferometric sequences of a shock wave reflecting off a model at framing intervals down to 100 μs. / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-09-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:10:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rosim_elb_me_ilha.pdf: 3628983 bytes, checksum: 9e3cbe73b048b986fb0bf795659ed1f1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho traz uma investigação experimental do escoamento em cavidades retangulares com razões de aspectos de 1⁄2 a 10 para números de Reynolds na faixa de 103 a 104. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em um canal de superfície livre em circuito fechado, projetado e construído no âmbito de um trabalho anterior, inserido dentro desta mesma linha de pesquisa. Antes do início da presente campanha experimental, este aparato foi inteiramente reestruturado, efetuando-se os ajustes e reparos necessários à correção dos problemas de funcionamento identificados no trabalho precedente. Após esta etapa, testes preliminares foram executados, incluindo o levantamento do envelope operacional do aparato e a medição dos níveis de vibração na seção de testes, com o propósito de qualificação do equipamento para a realização deste estudo. No que concerne aos ensaios das cavidades, visualizações de escoamento foram efetuadas, utilizando-se três diferentes tipos de traçadores: corante líquido, bolhas de hidrogênio e partículas sólidas. Com o auxílio de uma iluminação adequada, todas as técnicas se mostraram capazes de fornecer elementos importantes para a observação das mudanças nos padrões de escoamento produzidas por alterações nos parâmetros que governam este tipo de escoamento – o número de Reynolds e a razão de aspecto. Especial atenção foi dada à obtenção de informações quantitativas e qualitativas do escoamento na camada cisalhante das cavidades, cujas características intrínsecas favorecem a formação e a propagação de instabilidades de Kelvin-Helmholtz. Medições de velocidade por anemometria de filme quente também foram efetuadas, visando a obtenção do comportamento característico St x Re para cada cavidade ensaiada. Curvas do tipo St = A Re–b, onde A e b são constantes... / This work is concerned with an experimental investigation of the flow in rectangular cavities with aspect ratios from 1⁄2 to10, for Reynolds number between 10 3 and 104. Experiments have been conducted in a free surface water channel developed in a previous work inserted in the same field of research. Before beginning the experimental runs, that apparatus has been fully redesigned. Adjustments and repairs have been performed in order to correct some operation problems previously identified. After that phase, preliminary tests have been done to obtain the operating envelope and qualify the apparatus in terms of vibration level. With regard to tests of cavities, different methods of flow visualization have been employed – liquid dye injection, hydrogen bubbles generation, and seeding of solid particles. By using a proper lighting, all these techniques have allowed to observe flow patterns changes as a function of aspect ratio and Reynolds number. Particular attention has been dispensed to obtain quantitative and qualitative information about the periodic behavior of the shear layer, where Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities are produced. Hot film measurements have also been performed to obtain St x Re curves for each cavity tested. Correlations of the form St = A Re–b have been fitted to experimental data, where A and b are constants for each case investigated. As possible, results have been compared with numerical and experimental data from the literature and a good agreement has been reached. The results presented here... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Sérgio Said Mansur / Coorientador: Edson Del Rio Vieira / Banca: José Luiz Gasche / Banca: Aluisio Viais Pantaleão / Resumo: Este trabalho traz uma investigação experimental do escoamento em cavidades retangulares com razões de aspectos de 1⁄2 a 10 para números de Reynolds na faixa de 103 a 104. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em um canal de superfície livre em circuito fechado, projetado e construído no âmbito de um trabalho anterior, inserido dentro desta mesma linha de pesquisa. Antes do início da presente campanha experimental, este aparato foi inteiramente reestruturado, efetuando-se os ajustes e reparos necessários à correção dos problemas de funcionamento identificados no trabalho precedente. Após esta etapa, testes preliminares foram executados, incluindo o levantamento do envelope operacional do aparato e a medição dos níveis de vibração na seção de testes, com o propósito de qualificação do equipamento para a realização deste estudo. No que concerne aos ensaios das cavidades, visualizações de escoamento foram efetuadas, utilizando-se três diferentes tipos de traçadores: corante líquido, bolhas de hidrogênio e partículas sólidas. Com o auxílio de uma iluminação adequada, todas as técnicas se mostraram capazes de fornecer elementos importantes para a observação das mudanças nos padrões de escoamento produzidas por alterações nos parâmetros que governam este tipo de escoamento - o número de Reynolds e a razão de aspecto. Especial atenção foi dada à obtenção de informações quantitativas e qualitativas do escoamento na camada cisalhante das cavidades, cujas características intrínsecas favorecem a formação e a propagação de instabilidades de Kelvin-Helmholtz. Medições de velocidade por anemometria de filme quente também foram efetuadas, visando a obtenção do comportamento característico St x Re para cada cavidade ensaiada. Curvas do tipo St = A Re-b, onde A e b são constantes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work is concerned with an experimental investigation of the flow in rectangular cavities with aspect ratios from 1⁄2 to10, for Reynolds number between 10 3 and 104. Experiments have been conducted in a free surface water channel developed in a previous work inserted in the same field of research. Before beginning the experimental runs, that apparatus has been fully redesigned. Adjustments and repairs have been performed in order to correct some operation problems previously identified. After that phase, preliminary tests have been done to obtain the operating envelope and qualify the apparatus in terms of vibration level. With regard to tests of cavities, different methods of flow visualization have been employed - liquid dye injection, hydrogen bubbles generation, and seeding of solid particles. By using a proper lighting, all these techniques have allowed to observe flow patterns changes as a function of aspect ratio and Reynolds number. Particular attention has been dispensed to obtain quantitative and qualitative information about the periodic behavior of the shear layer, where Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities are produced. Hot film measurements have also been performed to obtain St x Re curves for each cavity tested. Correlations of the form St = A Re-b have been fitted to experimental data, where A and b are constants for each case investigated. As possible, results have been compared with numerical and experimental data from the literature and a good agreement has been reached. The results presented here... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Due to the amount of flow simulation and measurement data, automatic detection, classification and visualization of features is necessary for an inspection. Therefore, many automated feature detection methods have been developed in recent years. However, one feature class is visualized afterwards in most cases, and many algorithms have problems in the presence of noise or superposition effects. In contrast, image processing and computer vision have robust methods for feature extraction and computation of derivatives of scalar fields. Furthermore, interpolation and other filter can be analyzed in detail. An application of these methods to vector fields would provide a solid theoretical basis for feature extraction. The authors suggest Clifford algebra as a mathematical framework for this task. Clifford algebra provides a unified notation for scalars and vectors as well as a multiplication of all basis elements. The Clifford product of two vectors provides the complete geometric information of the relative positions of these vectors. Integration of this product results in Clifford correlation and convolution which can be used for template matching on vector fields. Furthermore, for frequency analysis of vector fields and the behavior of vector-valued filters, a Clifford Fourier transform has been derived for 2 and 3 dimensions. Convolution and other theorems have been proved, and fast algorithms for the computation of the Clifford Fourier transform exist. Therefore the computation of Clifford convolution can be accelerated by computing it in Clifford Fourier domain. Clifford convolution and Fourier transform can be used for a thorough analysis and subsequent visualization of vector fields

No / This report covers experimental studies and numerical modelling of interfacial instability in the bi-layer coextrusion flow of two low-density polyethylene melts. Melt streams are converged at an angle of 30° to a common die land. Melt stream confluence was observed in two coextrusion die arrangements. In one die design, which we term ‘bifurcated’ the melt stream is split by a divider plate in the die after being delivered from a single extruder. In the other design melt streams are delivered to a die from two separate extruders. In each die design melt flow in the confluent region and die land to the die exit was observed through side windows of a visualization cell. Velocity ratios of the two melt streams were varied and layer thickness ratios producing wave type interfacial instability determined for each melt for a variety of flow conditions. Stress and velocity fields in the coextrusion arrangements were quantified using stress birefringence and particle image velocimetry techniques. Wave type interfacial instability occurred in the processing of the low-density polyethylene melts at specific, repeatable, stream layer ratios. The birefringent pattern in the confluence region and the beginning of the die land appeared stable even when the extrudate exhibited instability. However, disturbances were observed in the flow field near the exit of the die land. The study demonstrates conclusively it is possible for interfacial instability to occur in the coextrusion of the same melt. The study also shows that wave type interfacial instability in the coextrusion process is not caused by process perturbations of extruder screw rotation. Increased melt elasticity appears to promote this type of instability. A modified Leonov model and Flow 2000™ software was used to simulate the LDPE melt flows through these geometries. There was reasonable agreement between modelled at experimentally determined stress fields. Modelling however provided far more detailed stress gradient information than could be resolved from the optical techniques. A total normal stress difference (TNSD) sign criterion was used to predict the critical layer ratio for the onset of the interfacial instability in one die arrangement and good agreement between theory and experiment has been obtained.

No description available.

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Steven Eckels and Mohammad Hosni / This research presents results from experimental and numerical investigations of two-phase flow pattern analysis in a staggered tube bundle. Shell-side boiling tube bundles are used in a variety of industries from nuclear power plants to industrial evaporators. Fluid flow patterns in tube bundles affect pressure drop, boiling characteristics, and tube vibration. R-134a was the working fluid in both the experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis for this research. Smooth and enhanced staggered tube bundles were studied experimentally using a 1.167 pitch to diameter ratio. The experimental tube bundles and CFD geometry consist of 20 tubes with five tubes per pass. High speed video was recorded during the experimental bundle boiling. Bundle conditions ranged in mass fluxes from 10-35 kg/m[superscript]2.s and inlet qualities from 0-70% with a fixed heat flux. Classification of the flow patterns from these videos was performed using flow pattern definitions from literature. Examples of smooth and enhanced bundle boiling high speed videos are given through still images. The flow patterns are plotted and compared with an existing flow pattern map. Good agreement was found for the enhanced tube bundle while large discrepancies exist for the smooth tube bundle. The CFD simulations were performed without heat transfer with non-symmetrical boundary conditions at the side walls, simulating rectangular bundles used in this and other research. The two-phase volume of fluid method was used to construct vapor interfaces and measure vapor volume fraction. A probability density function technique was applied to the results to determine flow patterns from the simulations using statistical parameters. Flow patterns were plotted on an adiabatic flow pattern map from literature and excellent agreement is found between the two. The agreement between simulation results and experimental data from literature emphasizes the use of numerical techniques for tube bundle design.

published_or_final_version / Mechanical Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy