La vitesse à laquelle le monde actuel fonctionne a des répercutions directes sur tout ce qui nous entoure et, en premier plan, sur le marché de la construction dont les cirières sont de plus en plus exigeants tels que les courts délais de construction, la complexité des formes, etc. L’utilisation des bétons fluides dont les propriétés rhéologiques sont bien maîtrisées est une clé pour satisfaire à ces critères, d’autant plus qu’on se trouve au seuil d’une nouvelle ère dans le monde de la construction incluant l’impression 3D des bétons. Cependant, une sélection adéquate des ajouts minéraux (AM) et des adjuvants chimiques (superplastifiants, SP et agents de viscosité, AV) qui entrent dans la conception des bétons fluides s’avère un problème crucial. Un programme expérimental très étendu est mené pour mettre la lumière sur l’effet de huit différents AM dans des systèmes binaires et ternaires ainsi que l’effet de leurs interactions avec les adjuvants chimiques (SP et AV) sur les propriétés des mortiers de bétons équivalents (MBE). Deux classes de bétons fluides sont visées dans cette étude comprenant les bétons autoplaçants (BAP) pour la construction des bâtiments et les bétons semi-fluides (BSF) pour les infrastructures de transport. Une attention particulière est portée sur les propriétés rhéologiques, sans pour autant négliger la chaleur d’hydratation ainsi que les propriétés mécaniques. Les résultats ont montré qu’il est difficile de faire une généralisation sur l’influence des AM sur les propriétés des MBE. Les propriétés physiques des AM telles que la finesse, la forme ou encore la granulométrie des particules sont des facteurs qui jouent un rôle important dans la rhéologie des bétons fluides. Cependant, l’influence de ces facteurs peut être masquée par l’interaction physique et chimique qui peut avoir lieu entre les poudres et les adjuvants chimiques utilisés (type de SP en présence de ou sans AV compatibles). La morphologie des particules des AM a un effet direct sur la viscosité plastique des MBE. Une forme angulaire et irrégulière (facteur de Ferret autour de 0,4), contribue à augmenter la viscosité plastique des MBE et une forme sphérique (facteur de Ferret proche de 1) contribue à diminuer leur viscosité plastique. Par ailleurs, les résultats de l’analyse statistique ont montré que l’influence des AM en combinaison ternaire (une poudre à faible réactivité avec une poudre à réactivité élevée), en présence d’un rapport eau/poudres (E/P) relativement élevé (0,45), sur la majorité des réponses n’est que la somme des effets individuels de ces poudres. Par contre, un effet d’interaction entre les poudres pour certaines réponses a commencé légèrement à prendre place lorsque le rapport E/P est diminué à 0,41. Cependant, dans le développement des résistances à la compression à 28 et 91 jours, les poudres à réactivité élevée comme la fumée de silice ou le métakaolin avaient généralement une contribution positive plus importante que celle des poudres à faible réactivité. Les résultats de l’hydratation des MBE ternaires, suivie par la calorimétrie isotherme, n’ont pas montré l’effet synergétique escompté de la combinaison d’une poudre à faible réactivité avec une autre à réactivité élevée dû à l’augmentation de la demande en SP en présence de cette dernière. Une optimisation multiparamétrique a permis de sélectionner des ciments ternaires servis au développement des bétons écologiques présentant les meilleures performances. Finalement, l’utilité de la méthode des MBE dans la prédiction de l’effet des AM sur les bétons a été discutée. / Abstract : The speed with which the world operates today has direct repercussions on everything around us and, in the foreground, on the construction market, where the criteria are more and more demanding such as short construction times, complexity of forms, etc. The use of fluid concretes where rheological properties are well controlled is a key to satisfy these criteria, especially since we are on the threshold of a new era in the construction world including the 3D concrete printing. However, an adequate selection of mineral additives (MA) and chemical admixtures (superplasticizers, SP and viscosity agents, VA) that are used in the design of fluid concretes is a crucial problem. A very extensive experimental program is conducted to shed light on the effect of eight different MA in binary and ternary systems as well as the effect of their interactions with the chemical admixtures (SP and VA) on the properties of concrete equivalent mortars (CEM). Two classes of fluid concretes are investigated in this study, including self-consolidating concrete (SCC) for building constructions and semi-flowable concrete (SFC) for transportation infrastructures. Particular attention is paid to the rheological properties, without neglecting the heat of hydration as well as the mechanical properties. The results showed that it is difficult to generalize on the influence of MA on the properties of CEM. The physical properties of MAs such as fineness, shape or particle size distribution are factors that play an important role in the rheology of fluid concretes. However, the influence of these factors can be masked by the physical and chemical interaction that may occur between the powders and the chemical admixtures used (type of SP in the presence or not of a compatible VA). The particle morphology of MA has a direct effect on the plastic viscosity of CEM. An angular and irregular shape (Ferret factor around 0.4) contributes to increase the plastic viscosity of CEM and a spherical shape (Ferret factor close to 1) contributes to decrease their plastic viscosity. Moreover, the results of the statistical analysis showed that the influence of MA in ternary combination (low-reactivity powder with high-reactivity powder), in the presence of a relatively high water-to-powder ratio (W/P) of 0.45, on the majority of responses is only the sum of the individual effects of these powders. On the other hand, an interaction effect between the powders for some responses began slightly when the W/P was decreased to 0.41. However, in developing 28- and 91-day compressive strengths, high-reactivity powders such as silica fume or metakaolin generally had positive contribution higher than low-reactivity powders. Results of ternary CEM hydration followed by isothermal calorimetry did not show the expected synergistic effect of combining a low-reactivity powder with another with high reactivity due to increased demand in SP in the presence of the latter. A multiparametric optimization allowed selection of ternary cements used to develop ecological concretes with the best performance. Finally, the use of the CEM method in prediction of the effect of AM on concrete was discussed.

The development of new technologies in the production of concrete over time is allowing increase its compressive strength, workability and durability. Despite their many advantages, concrete has limitations related to its fragile behavior in the presence of tensile loads. An alternative to solve this problem is the use of fibers in the concrete, getting a composite material that has different characteristics of the original material. Seeking collaborate with the evaluation about the efficiency of different fiber types, this work analyses the behavior of fluid concrete reinforced with steel fibers, subjected to tensile loads, evaluating the influence of shape factor and volumetric fraction. The ability of flow has served as a reference for concrete can be used on parts with high rates of reinforcement, whose compacting is not fully efficient. However, because it is a cementitious matrix, the concentration of tensile strength on these points of high rates of reinforcement, may trigger a harmful process of cracking. Are analyzed in this work the effects of the incorporation of steel fibers in the workability, the incorporated air content, the compressive strength, the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. Additionally, a comparison is made between the relationship of the compression strength and tensile of the experimental results with the theoretical relationships of the tensile strength found in the literature , and finally, was seek by the mixture rules evaluate whose parameters of the study are more influents on the behavior of the new composite. For this, were used specimens tests cylindrical of dimensions of 10cm x 20cm of fluid concrete with regular resistance, with percentage of steel fiber of 0,4% and 0,8% of the cement mass and shape factors of 33, 50 and 80, for each of the percentage, in tests of tensile by diametrical compression. Obtained results allowed display, from changes in shape factor and volumetric fraction added to fluid cementitious matrix, that fibers with larger shape factor and higher volumetric fraction tend to be more efficient in the tensile strength of fluid composites. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias na produção do concreto ao longo do tempo vem permitindo elevar a sua resistência à compressão, trabalhabilidade e durabilidade. Apesar de suas muitas vantagens, o concreto apresenta limitações relacionadas ao seu comportamento frágil quando na presença de esforços de tração. Uma alternativa para contornar este problema é a utilização de fibras no concreto, obtendo-se assim um material compósito que possui características diferentes do material original. Buscando colaborar na avaliação da eficiência de diferentes tipos de fibras, o presente trabalho analisa o comportamento de concretos fluidos reforçados com fibras de aço, submetidos à tensões de tração, avaliando a influência do fator de forma e da fração volumétrica. A capacidade de fluir tem servido de referência para que o concreto possa ser utilizado em peças com altas taxas de armadura, cujo adensamento não é totalmente eficiente. Entretanto, por se tratar de uma matriz cimentícia, a concentração de tensões de tração nesses pontos de alta taxa de armadura pode desencadear um processo nocivo de fissuração. São analisados no trabalho os efeitos da incorporação de fibras de aço na trabalhabilidade, no teor de ar incorporado, na resistência à compressão, na resistência à tração e no módulo de elasticidade. Adicionalmente, é executada uma comparação entre a relação das resistências à compressão e à tração dos resultados experimentais com a relação teórica da resistência à tração encontrada na literatura, e por fim, buscou-se através da regra das misturas avaliar quais os parâmetros de estudos são mais influentes no comportamento do novo compósito. Para isso, foram utilizados corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de dimensões de 10cm x 20cm de concreto fluido de resistência usual, com teor de fibras de aço de 0,4% e 0,8% da quantidade de cimento em massa e com fatores de forma de 33, 50 e 80, para cada um dos teores, em ensaios de tração por compressão diametral. Os resultados obtidos permitiram visualizar, a partir das modificações no fator de forma e na fração volumétrica adicionadas a matriz cimentícia fluida, que fibras com maior fator de forma e maior fração volumétrica tendem a ser mais eficientes na resistência à tração dos compósitos fluidos.