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Cette étude traite du dépiégeage et de la dynamique des systèmes élastiques désordonnés. Ce cadre regroupe une large classe de systèmes allant des interfaces (tel les que les parois de domaines dans les systèmes magnétiques ou ferroélectriques) aux systèmes périodiques(comme les réseaux de vortex dans les supraconducteurs de type II, les colloïdes ou encore les cristaux de Wigner). Dans ces systèmes, la compétition entre l'élasticité de la structure qui veut imposer un ordre parfait et le désordre induit une grande richesse dans le diagramme de phase. L'étude est menée par simulations numériques à grande échelle, dans lesquelles nous nous intéresserons spécifiquement aux réseaux 2D de vortex supraconducteurs.Deux types de dépiégeage sont observés lorsque l'on met en mouvement ces réseaux à l'aide d'une force extérieure : un dépiégeage plastique et un dépiégeage élastique. Nous porterons notre attention sur le dépiégeage élastique obtenu dans le cas d'un piégeage faible. A travers une analyse en loi d'échelle à température nulle et à température finie nous montrons le caractère continu de la transition de dépiégeage au seuil de dépiégeage. Divers exposants critiques sont déterminés dont l'exposant ß et δ caractérisant la dépendance en force et en température de la vitesse ou bien l'exposant ν caractérisant la divergence de la longueur de corrélation du système. Un modèle visco-élastique simple permettant de décrire la plasticité dans les systèmes périodiques évoluant sur un potentiel de piégeage en présence de désordre fort est également développé. Une grande variété de comportementsdynamiques, similaires à ceux observés à plus grande échelle dans des systèmes périodiques, peuvent être extraits d'un tel modèle. Un dépiégeage élastique ou plastique est observé, de l'hystérésis est mesurée dans le cas du dépiégeage élastique, et du chaos est détecté pour le dépiégeage plastique. / In this work we study the depinning and the dynamics of disordered elastic systems. This framework encompasses a broad class of systems from interfaces (like magnetic or ferroelectric domains walls) to periodic structures (like vortex lattices in type II superconductor, colloids or Wigner crystals). In these systems, the competition between the elasticity of the structure that wants to impose a perfect order and disorder produces a great variety of phases and transitions. The study is conducted by large-scale numerical simulations, in which we focus specifically on 2D superconductor vortex lattices. Two types of depinning are observed when we set in motion these lattices using an external force : a plastic depinning and an elastic depinning. We will focus on the elastic depinning obtained when the pinning is weak. Using a scaling law analysis at both zero and nonzero temperature we show that the depinning transition is continuous near the depinning threshold. Various critical exponent are evaluated such as the ß and δ exponents characterizing the force and temperature dependances of the velocity or the ν exponent characterizing the divergence of the correlation length of the system. A simple viscoelastic model allowing to describe plasticity in periodic structures driven over a strong disordered medium is also developed. A wide variety of dynamical behaviors, similar to those observed on a larger scale in periodic systems, can be extracted from such a model. An elastic or plastic depinning is observed, hysteresis is measured in the case of elastic depinning, while chaos is detected for plastic depinning.

By allowing to measure the magnetic field distribution inside a material, muon spin rotation experiments have the potential to provide valuable information about microscopic properties of high-temperature superconductors. Nevertheless, information about the intrinsic superconducting properties of the material is masked by random thermal and static fluctuations of the magnetic field which penetrates the material in the form of vortices of quantized magnetic flux. A good understanding of the fluctuations of those vortices is needed for the correct determination of intrinsic properties, notably the coherence length &xi;, and the field penetration depth &lambda;. We develop a simulation based on the Metropolis algorithm in order to understand the effect, on the magnetic field distribution, of disorder- and thermally-induced fluctuations of the vortex lattice inside a layered superconductor. <br /><br /> Our model correctly predicts the melting temperatures of the YBa₂Cu₃O_{6. 95} (YBCO) superconductor but largely underestimates the observed entropy jump. Also we failed to simulate the high field disordered phase, possibly because of a finite size limitation. In addition, we found our model unable to describe the first-order transition observed in the highly anisotropic Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+<em>y</em>. <br /><br /> Our model predicts that for YBCO, the effect of thermal fluctuations on the field distribution is indistinguishable from a change in &xi;. It also confirms the usual assumption that the effect of static fluctuations at low temperature can be efficiently modeled by convolution of the field distribution with a Gaussian function. However the extraction of &xi; at low fields requires a very high resolution of the field distribution because of the low vortex density.

By allowing to measure the magnetic field distribution inside a material, muon spin rotation experiments have the potential to provide valuable information about microscopic properties of high-temperature superconductors. Nevertheless, information about the intrinsic superconducting properties of the material is masked by random thermal and static fluctuations of the magnetic field which penetrates the material in the form of vortices of quantized magnetic flux. A good understanding of the fluctuations of those vortices is needed for the correct determination of intrinsic properties, notably the coherence length &xi;, and the field penetration depth &lambda;. We develop a simulation based on the Metropolis algorithm in order to understand the effect, on the magnetic field distribution, of disorder- and thermally-induced fluctuations of the vortex lattice inside a layered superconductor. <br /><br /> Our model correctly predicts the melting temperatures of the YBa₂Cu₃O_{6. 95} (YBCO) superconductor but largely underestimates the observed entropy jump. Also we failed to simulate the high field disordered phase, possibly because of a finite size limitation. In addition, we found our model unable to describe the first-order transition observed in the highly anisotropic Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+<em>y</em>. <br /><br /> Our model predicts that for YBCO, the effect of thermal fluctuations on the field distribution is indistinguishable from a change in &xi;. It also confirms the usual assumption that the effect of static fluctuations at low temperature can be efficiently modeled by convolution of the field distribution with a Gaussian function. However the extraction of &xi; at low fields requires a very high resolution of the field distribution because of the low vortex density.