Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-10-11T22:03:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MoniqueBezerraPazLeitao_TESE.pdf: 11056144 bytes, checksum: 978892fd0142f3723b3084ebbd726901 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-17T21:24:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MoniqueBezerraPazLeitao_TESE.pdf: 11056144 bytes, checksum: 978892fd0142f3723b3084ebbd726901 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T21:24:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoniqueBezerraPazLeitao_TESE.pdf: 11056144 bytes, checksum: 978892fd0142f3723b3084ebbd726901 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Beb?s e crian?as pequenas costumam ser considerados graciosos e despertar muito afeto. A tend?ncia de perceb?-los de modo positivo e a disposi??o em cuidar s?o atribu?das a tra?os f?sicos e comportamentais t?picos de um infante. Em humanos, caracter?sticas faciais como olhos grandes em rela??o ao rosto e cabe?a arredondada s?o importantes est?mulos. Alguns te?ricos defendem que a tend?ncia humana ? coopera??o tem ra?zes em mecanismos que evolu?ram para o cuidado ? prole, entretanto poucos estudos investigam as rela??es entre tra?os infantis, percep??o de fofura e coopera??o. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas quatro publica??es. A primeira investigou a influ?ncia da faixa et?ria e sexo na express?o de comportamentos cooperativos e competitivos e na percep??o de infantilidade por parte de indiv?duos mais velhos ao interagir com crian?as pequenas. Participaram 244 sujeitos (120 do sexo feminino) que interagiram em d?ades durante partidas do jogo da velha. Foram testadas as d?ades: Crian?a 4-5 x Crian?a 8-9 anos; Crian?a 4-5 x Adolescente 14-16 anos; Crian?a 4-5 x Adulto 25-35 anos. Crian?as entre 8-9 anos expressaram mais comportamentos competitivos, especialmente d?ades de sexo opostos, e adultos expressaram mais ajuda. Adolescentes e adultos tenderam a avaliar a crian?a pequena como mais fofinha, bonita e ing?nua. Quanto maior a avalia??o de fofura, menos competi??o por parte de crian?as de 8-9 anos e adultos. A segunda publica??o tratou da constru??o e valida??o do Child Neutral Expression Picture Set - CNEPS, um banco de faces composto por imagens de 131 crian?as entre 4-5 anos, com express?o facial neutra. Ap?s a captura, edi??o e normaliza??o, as imagens foram avaliadas por especialistas, sendo em geral consideradas com express?o neutra. A terceira publica??o teve como objetivo medir e relacionar diversos tra?os faciais infantis das imagens de crian?as entre 4-5 anos com a percep??es de fofura, os comportamentos competitivos e cooperativos no jogo dirigidos a estas crian?as por parte de sujeitos de diferentes idades. Os sujeitos e o m?todo foram os mesmos descritos na primeira publica??o, acrescidos da medi??o dos tra?os. O estudo ? inovador por mostrar que a percep??o e frequ?ncia de competi??o e ajuda variam de acordo com a intensidade de certos tra?os em todas as faixas et?rias. Nas crian?as de 8-9 anos, os tra?os relacionaram-se ? percep??o de fofura, nos adolescentes tanto ?s percep??es e como ? inibi??o de competi??o. Nos adultos os tra?os correlacionaram com mais ajuda. A quarta publica??o ? uma nota t?cnica que descreve v?rios bancos de imagens faciais de crian?as e adultos dispon?veis para pesquisas cient?ficas. Em s?ntese, a presente tese mostrou que ao longo do desenvolvimento, os indiv?duos tendem a agir mais cooperativamente com crian?as pequenas e de avali?-las de modo mais positivo e que os tra?os infantis espec?ficos influenciam a diminui??o da competitividade e aumento da coopera??o. Entende-se que diversas adapta??es cognitivas e comportamentais foram favorecidas durante a evolu??o humana para promover cuidado e prote??o de indiv?duos imaturos, especialmente considerando o alto n?vel de depend?ncia e o longo per?odo de cuidado exigido pelos nossos infantes. / Babies and young children are often considered graceful and evoke much affection. The tendency to perceive them in a positive manner and the propensity to care for them are assigned to physical and behavioral traits typical of an infant. In humans, facial features such as large eyes relative to the face and rounded head are important stimuli. Some theorists argue that the human cooperation tendency is rooted in mechanisms that have evolved to care for offspring, however few studies investigated the relationship between children's traits, perceptions of cuteness and cooperation. In this work it was developed four publications. The first investigated the influence of age range and sex in the expression of cooperative and competitive behaviors and perception of childishness on the part of older individuals by interacting with young children. Took part of the study 244 subjects (120 females) who interacted in dyads during tic-tac-toe matches. Dyads tested were: Child 4-5 x Child 8-9 years old; Child 4-5 x Adolescent 14-16 years old; Child 4-5 x Adult 25-35 years old. Children aged 8-9 years expressed more competitive behavior, especially dyads of opposite sex, and adults expressed more help. Adolescents and adults tended to evaluate the young child as cuter, more beautiful and more na?ve. The higher the cuteness evaluation, the lower competition by children aged 8-9 years and adults. The second publication describes the construction and validation of the Child Neutral Expression Picture Set - CNEPS, a database face made up of images of 131 children between 4-5 years old with neutral facial expression. After capturing, editing and standardizing, the images were evaluated by experts, generally being considered with neutral expression. The third publication aimed to measure and correlate the facial infant traits of children's image with positive perceptions, competitive and cooperative behaviors in the game toward these children by subjects of different ages. The subjects and method were the same used in the first publication, adding the traits' measurement. The study is innovative by showing that the perception and frequency of competition and helping vary according to the intensity of certain baby schema traits in all age groups. Among children 8-9 years old the traits correlated to the perception of cuteness, among the adolescents they were related to both the positive perception and competition inhibition. In adults, the traits correlated with more help. The fourth publication is a technical note describing datasets of facial images of children and adults available for scientific research. In summary, this thesis showed that across the lifespan, individuals tend to act more cooperatively with small children, evaluate them more positively and that specific infant traits influence the decreased competitiveness and increased cooperation. It is understood that several cognitive and behavioral adaptations were favored during human evolution to promote care and protection of immature individuals, especially considering the high level of dependency and long-term care required by our infants.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CatianeKDS_DISSERT.pdf: 1265888 bytes, checksum: c49a11fa200b7c8a1e4318a81e04203f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Child facial cues evoke attention, parental care behaviors and modulate for infant- caretaker interactions. Lorenz described the baby schema ( Kindchenschema ) as a set of infantile physical features such as the large head, round face, high and protruding forehead, big eyes, chubby cheeks, small nose and mouth. Previous work on this fundamental concept was restricted to positive perception to infant face, and did not show consistent results about the development individuals perceptions, regarding the physical attributes that worked as markers of cuteness. Here, we experimentally tested the effects of baby schema on the perception of cuteness of infant faces by children and adults. We used 60 none graphically manipulated photos of different stimulus children faces from 4 to 9 years old. In the first task for the adults experimental subjects, ten stimulus photos were shown, whereas for children experimental subjects, four stimulus photos were shown at a time, with a total of six rounds. The second task involved only adults, who indicated the motivation of affective behaviors and care directed to children through a Likert scale. Our results suggest that both participants judged similarly the cuteness of children's faces, and the physical features markers of this perception were observed only for younger stimulus children. Adults have attributed more motivations of positive behaviors to cuter stimulus children. The recognition of the baby schema by individuals of different ages and genders confers the universality and power of children's physical attributes. From the evolutionary perspective the responsiveness to baby schema is significant to ensure aloparental and parental investment, and the consequent children survival / As informa??es da face infantil evocam aten??o, comportamentos de cuidado parental e modulam as intera??es entre adultos e crian?as. Lorenz descreveu o esquema infantil ( Kindchenschema ) como um conjunto de caracter?sticas f?sicas da face, tais como: grande cabe?a, face arredondada, testa proeminente e alta, olhos grandes, bochechas arredondadas e salientes, e nariz e boca pequenos. Trabalhos pr?vios tiveram uma concep??o fundamental restrita as percep??es positivas ?s faces infantis, e n?o apresentaram resultados consistentes sobre o desenvolvimento da percep??o dos indiv?duos quanto aos atributos f?sicos que funcionavam como marcadores de fofura. N?s testamos experimentalmente o efeito do esquema infantil sobre a percep??o de fofura das faces infantis por adultos e crian?as. Para isso, utilizamos 60 fotos das faces n?o manipuladas graficamente de diferentes crian?as-est?mulo de 4 a 9 anos de idade. Para isso, utilizamos 60 fotos das faces n?o manipuladas graficamente de diferentes crian?as-est?mulo de 4 a 9 anos de idade. Na primeira tarefa para os sujeitos experimentais adultos eram mostrados dez fotos-est?mulo e para os sujeitos experimentais crian?as quatro fotos-est?mulo por vez, num total de seis rodadas. Na segunda tarefa participaram apenas os adultos, que por meio de uma escala likert indicavam a motiva??o de comportamentos afetivos e de cuidado direcionado para as crian?as. Nossos resultados apontam que ambos os participantes julgaram de forma similar a fofura das faces infantis, e as caracter?sticas f?sicas marcadoras dessa percep??o foi verificada apenas para as crian?as-est?mulo mais novas. Os adultos atribu?ram maiores motiva??es de comportamentos positivos as crian?as-est?mulo mais fofas. O reconhecimento do esquema infantil por indiv?duos de diferentes idades e g?neros confere a universalidade e pot?ncia dos atributos f?sicos infantis. Sob a perspectiva evolutiva a responsividade ao esquema infantil ? significante por assegurar investimento parental e aloparental, e a consequente sobreviv?ncia das crian?as