Knowledge of optimum concentrations and ratios of major nutrients in tree foliage is required to assess the nutrient status of the boreal forest. This thesis aimed at determining foliar nutritional standards for white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and to assess the nutrient status of forest stands across Canada for all major nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn) using critical values (CVA) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND). Trees were sampled at three locations in Ontario and Quebec to cover a gradient of soil fertility levels. A boundary line approach was used in combination with quadratic regression models to assess the relationship between growth and foliar nutrient concentrations or CND scores when free of the effects of interacting environmental factors. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The nutrient status of three Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) plantations in southwestern Quebec were studied through foliar analysis. At all locations low N and K and marginal Mg foliar concentrations were identified. / Diagnostic fertilization resulted in significantly improved foliar K, N, Ca/K molar ratio and in some cases Mg. The foliage of the treated trees has an improved dark green colour as compared with the controls. From this research it is evident that nutrient deficiencies of N, and K in particular, are showing up in spruce stands in the areas where atmospheric pollution is relatively severe. The use of foliar nutrient concentrations along with evaluation of visual decline symptoms give the best results in assessment of the trees' current nutrient status. Proper diagnostic fertilization, using KNO$ sb3$ and (K,Mg)SO$ sb4$, helped to correct the nutrient disturbances on the calcareous soils of the region, impoverished by former agricultural use. In these soils the balance of Ca with K and Mg is crucial for their proper uptake. The base cations addition enlarged the available P pool, as a result of the improved organic matter decomposition. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Two studies were conducted to assess physiological responses of declining sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in southern Quebec to wet acidic precipitation and increased soil fertility. Leaves of sugar maple were relatively acidic, had low external neutralization capacity (ENC = 5.1 $ mu$equiv. H$ sp{+} rm g sp{-1}$) and buffering capacity index (BCI = 103 $ mu$equiv. H$ sp{+} rm g sp{-1}$), and higher ENC/BCI compared to three other tree species. Deciduous species showed a higher BCI and a lower ENC in August. Our results suggest that sugar maple may be relatively sensitive to wet acidic deposition and that leaf buffering capacity is related to photosynthesis potential and seasonal change in foliar Ca concentration. Foliar analyses revealed that fertilization with a mixture of K, Ca, and Mg had significant effects on leaf concentrations of K, free amino acids (FAA) and the ratios of N to K, and FAA to N after two growing seasons. Our results suggest that base cation fertilization improved the N and K status of sugar maple and that leaf carbon partitioning appeared to be more dynamic in fertilized trees.

Eight fertilization treatments were applied in May 1987 to two sugar maple stands. This was followed by soil and foliar sampling and decline evaluation in mid-summer 1987 and foliar sampling and decline evaluation in mid-summer 1988. / Trees selected for sampling purposes on average showed evidence of light to moderate decline. Foliar nutrient status was found to be poor at both sites, with Ca, Mg, K and P at or very near to deficiency levels although foliar molar ratios for Ca/K, Ca/Mg and Ca/Al were well within their respective critical ranges. / Fertilization had significant effects on several elemental concentrations of the soil and foliage at the Entrelacs sites. Effects in general showed an increase in base cation concentrations when those elements were supplied in high enough quantities in the fertilizers. Fertilization had no significant effect on decline levels. / Positive correlations were obtained between soil B horizon levels and foliar Ca, Mg and K and between soil FH horizon levels and foliar K and Al.

Optimum nutritional levels for most commercial hardwoods of eastern Canada are unknown. This thesis dealt with the development of a method to determine nutritional standards using within site variation in tree growth and foliar chemistry. To this end, sugar maple (n = 87) and red maple (n = 39) trees were sampled in summer 2001 at the Station de biologie des Laurentides. Leaves were sampled for nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn) and tree stems were measured for determination of basal area growth (BAG). Similar measurements for trees sampled annually during 1995--2001 were also used to measure the effect of annual variation on nutritional standards. A boundary line approach was used to assess tree growth response to nutrition using nutrient concentrations and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) scores as predicting variables. A Basal Area Growth Index (BAGI) was computed using the live crown ratio to correct for the effect of stand density on BAG. An iterative and unbiased protocol was also developed to eliminate outliers. Optimum, critical and optimal range levels were derived from quadratic models significant at P < 0.15.

No description available.

Orientador: José Anchieta Gomes Neto / Banca: Joaquim de Araújo Nobrega / Banca : Ana Rita de Araújo Nogueira / Banca : Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda / Banca : Cassiana Seimi Nomura / Resumo: A diagnose foliar é uma ferramenta para avaliar o estado nutricional das plantas, corrigir deficiências ou excessos de nutrientes, otimizar a produção e avaliar os requerimentos de fertilizantes. Desenvolver novas metodologias analíticas para determinações multielementares de macro (Ca, K, Mg, P e S) e micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn) em folhas de cana-de-açúcar e de laranjeira por espectrometria de absorção atômica com fonte contínua e de alta resolução (HR-CS FAAS) foi o objetivo deste trabalho. A determinação multielementar de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg e K em folhas de cana-de-açúcar por HR-CS FAAS foi feita após digestão das folhas em forno de micro-ondas. Usando linhas atômicas principais para Cu (324,754 nm), Fe (248,327 nm), Mn (279,482 nm) e Zn (213,857 nm), linhas secundárias para Ca (239,856 nm) e K (404,414 nm) e linha adjacente (202,588 nm) a linha secundária (202,582 nm) para Mg, curvas analiticas nos intervalos 0,1-0,5 mg L−1 Cu, 0,5-4,0 mg L−1 Fe, 0,5-4,0 mg L−1 Mn, 0,2-1,0 mg L−1 Zn, 10,0-100,0 mg L−1 Ca, 5,0-40,0 mg L−1 Mg e 50,0-250,0 mg L−1 K foram obtidas. A interferência espectral causada pela molécula de NO na linha principal do Zn (213,857 nm) foi removida com correção pelo algoritmo dos mínimos quadrados (LSBC). Exatidão e precisão foram avaliadas pela análise de 5 materiais de referência certificados e os resultados foram concordantes ao nível de 95% de confiança. Folhas de cana-de-açúcar foram analisadas e os resultados foram próximos dos obtidos por LS FAAS. As recuperações variaram de 84-114% para todos os analitos. Os limites de detecção foram 0,6 mg L-1 Ca, 0,4 mg L-1 Mg, 0,4 mg L-1 K, 7,7 μg L-1 Cu, 7,7 μg L-1 Fe, 1,5 μg L-1 Mn e 5,9 μg L-1 Zn. Um preparo de amostras alternativo foi proposto para determinar B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, S e Zn por HR-CS FAAS... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Foliar diagnosis is a tool for evaluating nutritional state of plants, correcting nutrient deficiencies or excesses, optimizing crop production and evaluating fertilizer requirements. The goal of this work was to develop new methodologies for multielement determination of macro (Ca, K, Mg, P and S) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn) in sugarcane and orange leaves by high resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS FAAS). The multielement determination of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg and K in sugarcane leaves by HR-CS FAAS was carried out after microwave-assisted sample digestion. Using main lines for Cu (324.754 nm), Fe (248.327 nm), Mn (279.482 nm) and Zn (213.857 nm), secondary lines for Ca (239.856 nm) and K (404.414 nm), and side line (202.588 nm) at wing of secondary line (202.582 nm) for Mg, analytical curves in the 0.1-0.5 mg L−1 Cu, 0.5- 4.0 mg L−1 Fe, 0.5-4.0 mg L−1 Mn, 0.2-1.0 mg L−1 Zn, 10.0-100.0 mg L−1 Ca, 5.0-40.0 mg L−1 Mg e 50.0-250.0 mg L−1 K intervals were obtained. Spectral interference caused by NO molecule on the main line for Zn (213.857 nm) was removed with least squares background correction (LSBC). Accuracy and precision were evaluated by analysis of 5 certified reference materials and the results were in agreement at 95% confidence level. Sugarcane leaves were analyzed and the results were close to those obtained by LS FAAS. Recoveries varied from 84 to 114% for all analytes. The limits of detection were 0.6 mg L-1 Ca, 0.4 mg L-1 Mg, 0.4 mg L-1 K, 7.7 μg L-1 Cu, 7.7 μg L-1 Fe, 1.5 μg L-1 Mn and 5.9 μg L-1 Zn. An alternative sample preparation was proposed for determining B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, S and Zn by HR-CS FAAS. Sugarcane and orange leaves were submitted to dry ashing and solubilized in hydrochloric acid. This digest was divided in 3: one for B, P and S determination; other for Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:42:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_sr_dr_araiq.pdf: 2879483 bytes, checksum: ecdc8025d760cbf632e8f1d1e0fb49b2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A diagnose foliar é uma ferramenta para avaliar o estado nutricional das plantas, corrigir deficiências ou excessos de nutrientes, otimizar a produção e avaliar os requerimentos de fertilizantes. Desenvolver novas metodologias analíticas para determinações multielementares de macro (Ca, K, Mg, P e S) e micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn) em folhas de cana-de-açúcar e de laranjeira por espectrometria de absorção atômica com fonte contínua e de alta resolução (HR-CS FAAS) foi o objetivo deste trabalho. A determinação multielementar de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg e K em folhas de cana-de-açúcar por HR-CS FAAS foi feita após digestão das folhas em forno de micro-ondas. Usando linhas atômicas principais para Cu (324,754 nm), Fe (248,327 nm), Mn (279,482 nm) e Zn (213,857 nm), linhas secundárias para Ca (239,856 nm) e K (404,414 nm) e linha adjacente (202,588 nm) a linha secundária (202,582 nm) para Mg, curvas analiticas nos intervalos 0,1–0,5 mg L−1 Cu, 0,5–4,0 mg L−1 Fe, 0,5–4,0 mg L−1 Mn, 0,2–1,0 mg L−1 Zn, 10,0–100,0 mg L−1 Ca, 5,0–40,0 mg L−1 Mg e 50,0–250,0 mg L−1 K foram obtidas. A interferência espectral causada pela molécula de NO na linha principal do Zn (213,857 nm) foi removida com correção pelo algoritmo dos mínimos quadrados (LSBC). Exatidão e precisão foram avaliadas pela análise de 5 materiais de referência certificados e os resultados foram concordantes ao nível de 95% de confiança. Folhas de cana-de-açúcar foram analisadas e os resultados foram próximos dos obtidos por LS FAAS. As recuperações variaram de 84-114% para todos os analitos. Os limites de detecção foram 0,6 mg L-1 Ca, 0,4 mg L-1 Mg, 0,4 mg L-1 K, 7,7 μg L-1 Cu, 7,7 μg L-1 Fe, 1,5 μg L-1 Mn e 5,9 μg L-1 Zn. Um preparo de amostras alternativo foi proposto para determinar B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, S e Zn por HR-CS FAAS... / Foliar diagnosis is a tool for evaluating nutritional state of plants, correcting nutrient deficiencies or excesses, optimizing crop production and evaluating fertilizer requirements. The goal of this work was to develop new methodologies for multielement determination of macro (Ca, K, Mg, P and S) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn) in sugarcane and orange leaves by high resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS FAAS). The multielement determination of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg and K in sugarcane leaves by HR-CS FAAS was carried out after microwave-assisted sample digestion. Using main lines for Cu (324.754 nm), Fe (248.327 nm), Mn (279.482 nm) and Zn (213.857 nm), secondary lines for Ca (239.856 nm) and K (404.414 nm), and side line (202.588 nm) at wing of secondary line (202.582 nm) for Mg, analytical curves in the 0.1–0.5 mg L−1 Cu, 0.5- 4.0 mg L−1 Fe, 0.5-4.0 mg L−1 Mn, 0.2-1.0 mg L−1 Zn, 10.0-100.0 mg L−1 Ca, 5.0-40.0 mg L−1 Mg e 50.0-250.0 mg L−1 K intervals were obtained. Spectral interference caused by NO molecule on the main line for Zn (213.857 nm) was removed with least squares background correction (LSBC). Accuracy and precision were evaluated by analysis of 5 certified reference materials and the results were in agreement at 95% confidence level. Sugarcane leaves were analyzed and the results were close to those obtained by LS FAAS. Recoveries varied from 84 to 114% for all analytes. The limits of detection were 0.6 mg L-1 Ca, 0.4 mg L-1 Mg, 0.4 mg L-1 K, 7.7 μg L-1 Cu, 7.7 μg L-1 Fe, 1.5 μg L-1 Mn and 5.9 μg L-1 Zn. An alternative sample preparation was proposed for determining B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, S and Zn by HR-CS FAAS. Sugarcane and orange leaves were submitted to dry ashing and solubilized in hydrochloric acid. This digest was divided in 3: one for B, P and S determination; other for Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:40:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 301573 bytes, checksum: 7199281936ba5f70d16d9ca2a9a106e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present work was carried out in orchard in Viçosa, MG, Brazil, in the year of 2003/04, with objective to determine the seasonal variation of foliar nutrients content in yellow passion fruit and to give subsidies to the leaf sampling for nutritional diagnose. Leaf samples had been collected with and without petioles in the basal, medium and apical positions of the branches during twelve months. The samples had been collected in a experiment located Sitio Mamão, in Viçosa-MG, and analyzed in the Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition of Plants of the Department of Plant Science of the Federal University of Viçosa. The plants had been lead in a 1,8 m height one wire espalier, spaced of 2,5 x 2,8m. Foliar contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn were determined. A variation index was calculated by the quotient between mean squares of the month/position in the branch and month/type of leaf by the respective minor mean square, according to methodology described by Amaral et al., (2002). The lesser variations in foliar nutrients contents had been observed from April and June. The lesser indices of variation had been observed in leaves without petiole collected in the medium position of the branches. Based on the results the collection of leaf samples without petioles in the medium position of the branches sends from April to June is recommended for diagnose of the nutritional state of the yellow passion fruit. / O presente trabalho foi realizado no campo, em Viçosa, MG, no ano de 2003/04, com objetivo de determinar a variação estacional dos teores foliares de nutrientes em maracujazeiro amarelo e dar subsídios à amostragem de folhas com vistas à diagnose nutricional. Foram coletadas amostras de folhas com e sem pecíolos nas posições basal, mediana e apical dos ramos durante doze meses. As amostras foram coletadas em experimento localizado no Sítio Mamão, em Viçosa-MG, e analisadas no Laboratório de Nutrição Mineral de Plantas do Departamento de Fitotecnica da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. As plantas foram conduzidas em espaldeira com um fio de arame localizado a 1,8 m de altura, em espaçamento de 2,5 x 2,8m. Foram determinados teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Cu, Mn e Zn. Foi calculado um índice de variação, pelo quociente entre quadrados médios dos desdobramentos mês/posição no ramo e mês/tipo de folha pelo menor quadrado médio, em cada caso, segundo metodologia descrita por AMARAL et al., (2002). As menores variações nos teores foliares de nutrientes foram observadas no período compreendido entre os meses de abril e junho. Os menores índices de variação foram observados em folhas sem pecíolo em folhas coletadas na posição mediana dos ramos. Em função dos resultados observados recomenda-se a coleta de amostras sem pecíolo na posição mediana dos ramos, durante os meses de abril a junho para diagnose do estado nutricional do maracujazeiro.

Orientador: Rafael Silva Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T00:25:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GuilhermePereira_Caio_M.pdf: 4423463 bytes, checksum: b3d0cccfd6c5f84a9df0f479651580a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Plantas carnívoras são aquelas que apresentam a capacidade de capturar e digerir pequenos animais, geralmente invertebrados. Os estudos com essas plantas começaram há mais de um século e, ainda hoje, não são conhecidos os mecanismos que determinaram a evolução e a distribuição geográfica dessas singularidades vegetais. Os modelos de custos--benefícios vêm, nesse sentido, atuando como guias para diversos estudos nas últimas décadas e parecem esclarecer diversos pontos obscuros quanto à ecologia e evolução dessas plantas. O gênero Philcoxia (Plantaginaceae), endêmico de campos rupestres -- ambientes associados a afloramentos rochosos e a formações de areia branca, propensos a eventuais queimadas e pobres em nutrientes --, apresenta características que acabaram por levar a questionamentos quanto à sua fisiologia. Com o acúmulo crescente de evidências, estudiosos começaram a sugerir que tais espécies pudessem apresentar mecanismos ativos de captura e digestão de presas. O estudo em questão teve como objetivo determinar se Philcoxia minensis exibe a síndrome da carnivoria e analisar os custos e benefícios desse hábito no contexto teórico sugerido por Thomas J. Givnish para a evolução da carnivoria. Para isso, fizemos uma detalhada descrição anatômica das folhas de P. minensis, na qual pudemos observar padrões evidentes de produção enzimática associada à digestão de invertebrados, em especial de fosfatases. Caracterizamos as estruturas glandulares responsáveis pela produção dessas enzimas, assim como os nematódeos que são considerados, até o momento, as únicas presas de P. minensis. Por fim, quanto à absorção de nutrientes derivados dos nematódeos, pudemos observar uma incorporação de 5% do nitrogênio das presas (Caenorhabditis elegans) em apenas 24h, e 15% em 48h em um experimento com isótopos estáveis. Para avaliar o balanço energético dessa espécie, analisamos de que forma características foliares associadas aos processos de fotossíntese e respiração se correlacionam. De maneira geral, encontramos forte correlação entre as capacidades fotossintéticas (Aarea e Amass) e os valores de LMA (quantidade de massa seca por unidade de área foliar) para as espécies não carnívoras, com um claro distanciamento dos indivíduos de P. minensis, que apresentaram taxas fotossintéticas extremamente baixas. Quanto às correlações entre os conteúdos de nitrogênio e de fósforo com as capacidades fotossintéticas, vimos que os indivíduos de P. minensis apresentaram taxas fotossintéticas extremamente baixas para os valores desses dois nutrientes e, embora uma tendência possa ser observada, não observamos correlações entre capacidades fotossintéticas e os conteúdos foliares de nitrogênio e fósforo. Por fim, conseguimos determinar conclusivamente a natureza carnívora de P. minensis, assim como pudemos posicionar essa espécie ao longo do espectro de economia foliar, tanto de forma local quanto em uma escala global. Nossos resultados ilustram o quanto ainda há para ser descoberto quanto à origem, à distribuição e à frequência da síndrome da carnivoria / Abstract: Carnivorous plants are plants that have the ability to capture and digest small animals, usually insects and other invertebrates. The studies with these plants began in the nineteenth century and until today it is unknown the underlying mechanisms that determine the evolution and the geographical distribution of these singularities. The cost--benefit models are, accordingly, acting as guidelines to various studies in recent decades and seem to be able to clarify many obscure points concerning the ecology and the evolution of these plants. The three species of the genus Philcoxia, endemic to campos rupestres -- fire prone and nutrient--poor environments usually associated with rocky outcrops and white sand formations -- have unique characteristics and adaptations that eventually led to several questions regarding the physiology of these plants. With growing accumulation of evidence, scholars started to consider the possibility that such plants could present active mechanisms for capturing and digesting prey. The present study aimed to determine if Philcoxia minensis exhibits the syndrome of carnivory and to analyze the costs and benefits of this habit in the theoretical context suggested by Thomas J. Givnish for the evolution of carnivory. In order to do so, we have made a detailed anatomical description of the leaves of P. minensis, in which we observed a clear pattern of enzyme production possibly associated with prey digestion, including phosphatases. We also characterized the glandular structures that are responsible for the production of the enzymes as well as the nematodes that are considered, until now, the only prey of P. minensis. Concerning the absorption of nutrients derived from prey, we observed an incorporation of 5% of the nitrogen of the nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) in 24h, and 15% in 48h in an experiment with stable isotopes. To evaluate the energy balance of this species, we analyzed correlations between leaf traits associated with the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Generally speaking, we found a strong correlation between the photosynthetic capacity (Amass and Aarea) and the LMA (leaf mass per area) values for neighboring non--?carnivorous plants, with a distancing of P. minensis individuals, which showed very low photosynthetic rates. Regarding the correlations between the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus with photosynthetic capacities, we observed that the individuals of P. minensis showed extremely low photosynthetic rates for their nutrient concentrations and, although a tendency could be observed, there is no correlation between photosynthetic capacity and the foliar contents of nitrogen and phosphorus. Finally, we have conclusively determined the carnivorous nature of P. minensis and we placed this species along the leaf economics spectrum, both in local and global scale. Our results illustrate how much there is still to be discovered about the origin, distribution and frequency of the carnivorous syndrome / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia