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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Crescimento, trocas gasosas, partiÃÃo de Ãons e metabolismo do nitrogÃnio em plantas de milho submetidas à salinidade e diferentes fontes de N / Growth, gas exchange, partition of ions and nitrogen metabolism in maize plants subjected to salinity and different nitrogen sources

Alexcyane Rodrigues FeijÃo 26 February 2009 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito da fonte de N no crescimento, nas trocas gasosas, na partiÃÃo de Ãons e no metabolismo do N em plantas de milho (Zea mays L.) submetidas à salinidade. Para isto, sementes de milho foram semeadas em copos plÃsticos contendo vermiculita, sendo mantidas em casa de vegetaÃÃo. Em seguida, as plÃntulas foram transferidas para um meio hidropÃnico com concentraÃÃo de N igual a 6 mM, nas formas de NO3-, NO3-/NH4+ ou NH4+. ApÃs cinco dias nestas condiÃÃes, iniciou-se a adiÃÃo de NaCl, que foi feita em parcelas de 25 mM por dia, atà atingir a concentraÃÃo final de 100 mM. As coletas foram realizadas aos 4, 11 e 18 dias apÃs o inÃcio do tratamento salino. Em condiÃÃes controle, as plantas nutridas com a mistura NO3-/NH4+ foram as que apresentaram o maior crescimento da parte aÃrea, em comparaÃÃo aos demais tratamentos de N. Houve uma forte reduÃÃo do crescimento quando as plantas foram submetidas à salinidade, mas este efeito foi independente da fonte de N empregada. De maneira geral, a salinidade reduziu a condutÃncia estomÃtica (gs), a transpiraÃÃo (E), a fotossÃntese (A) e a relaÃÃo entre a concentraÃÃo interna e externa de CO2 (Ci/Co) das plantas de todos os tratamentos de N e nos diferentes tempos de coleta. Entretanto, nas plantas cultivadas com NH4+ e aos 18 dias do tratamento salino, foram observados uma reduÃÃo acentuada na gs, A e E e um aumento na relaÃÃo Ci/Co. Os teores de Na+ aumentaram com a salinidade, contudo, nas plantas nutridas com NH4+, esses teores foram menores do que os dos demais tratamentos de N em condiÃÃes de salinidade. Os teores de K+, por sua vez, foram reduzidos pela salinidade, sendo que as plantas nutridas com a mistura NO3-/ NH4+ e apenas NH4+ absorveram menos K+ do que as cultivadas apenas com NO3-, principalmente nas folhas e colmos das plantas aos 11 dias e nas folhas e raÃzes das plantas aos 18 dias de estresse salino. Dessa forma, houve influÃncia da fonte de N na relaÃÃo Na+/K+, particularmente nas raÃzes das plantas aos 18 dias de exposiÃÃo ao estresse salino, cujos menores aumentos nesse parÃmetro foram observados nas plantas tratadas apenas com NO3-. Os maiores incrementos nos teores de Cl- causados pela salinidade foram observados nas plantas cultivadas com NO3- e com a mistura NO3-/ NH4+. PorÃm, em condiÃÃes controle, esses teores foram aumentados nas folhas e colmos das plantas cultivadas apenas com NH4+. Os teores de NO3- foram maiores nas plantas nutridas com NO3- e NO3-/NH4+, quando comparadas Ãs nutridas somente com NH4+, tanto em condiÃÃes controle quanto de salinidade. A maior e a menor relaÃÃo Cl-/NO3- foram encontradas, respectivamente, nas plantas tratadas com NO3- e com NH4+. Os teores de NH4+ da parte aÃrea foram pouco influenciados pela salinidade ou pela fonte de N, porÃm, nas raÃzes das plantas nutridas com NH4+ e sob salinidade, houve um grande acÃmulo desses Ãons aos 18 dias de estresse. Os teores de carboidratos solÃveis foram, em geral, aumentados pela salinidade, com exceÃÃo nas folhas e colmos (aos 18 dias de estresse salino) e nas raÃzes (durante todo o perÃodo experimental) das plantas tratadas com NH4+. De maneira geral, os teores de proteÃnas solÃveis e de N-aminossolÃveis foram aumentados pela salinidade, sendo que as maiores quantidades destes solutos foram observadas nas raÃzes das plantas tratadas com NH4+ e aos 18 dias de estresse salino. Os teores de N-total foram reduzidos pela salinidade, sendo isto observado especialmente nas plantas nutridas apenas com NO3-. Nas folhas, as atividades da redutase do nitrato (NR) e da redutase do nitrito (NiR) foram maiores nas plantas tratadas com NO3- e com a mistura NO3-/ NH4+. Foi observada pouca influÃncia da salinidade na atividade da NiR das folhas de milho. Nas folhas, a salinidade influenciou diferentemente a atividade da sintetase da glutamina (GS) entre as diferentes fontes de N e tempos de exposiÃÃo à salinidade. PorÃm, nas raÃzes, de maneira geral, a atividade da GS aumentou com a salinidade, com exceÃÃo das plantas tratadas com NH4+, que nÃo foram influenciadas por este estresse. Aos 18 dias de exposiÃÃo à salinidade, a atividade da GS foi maior nas plantas tratadas com NH4+, em comparaÃÃo com os demais tratamentos de N. A atividade da sintase do glutamato (GOGAT), nas folhas, em geral, aumentou com a salinidade, contudo, nas raÃzes essa atividade foi reduzida principalmente nas plantas cultivadas com NO3-, aos 4 dias, e com NH4+, aos 11 e 18 dias. Esses resultados sugerem que as diversas fontes de N nÃo influenciaram na tolerÃncia das plantas de milho à salinidade, entretanto as plantas nutridas com NO3- foram melhores nas relaÃÃes iÃnicas e as maiores atividades da GS observadas nas raÃzes das plantas cultivadas com NH4+, aos 18 dias de estresse, ajudaram no ajustamento osmÃtico, como conseqÃÃncia do acÃmulo de proteÃnas solÃveis e N-aminossolÃveis / This work aimed to study the effect of N source in the growing, gas exchanges, ion partitions and N metabolism in maize plants (Zea mays L.) submitted to salinity. For this, maize seeds were sown in plastic cups with vermiculite and maintained in greenhouse. After that, the seedlings were transferred to a hydroponics culture with N concentration of 6 mM, in the forms of NO3-, NO3-/NH4+ or NH4+. After five days in these conditions, we started the addition of NaCl, which was gradually increased each day by 25 mM until it reaches a final concentration of 100 mM. The harvests were carried out 4, 11 and 18 days after the beginning of the salt treatment. In control conditions, the plants fed with the mixed NO3-/NH4+ were the ones which presented the greatest shoot growth, compared to other N treatments. There was a great growth reduction when the plants were submitted to salinity, but this effect was not influenced by the N source used. Generally, the salinity reduced the stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), photosynthesis (A) and the relation between the intercellular and outercellular CO2 concentration (Ci/Co ) in plants of all N treatments and in different times of harvest. However, in plants fed with NH4+ and after 18 day of salt treatment a great reduction in the gs, A and E and an increase in the Ci/Co ratio were observed. The Na+ contents increased with salinity, despite that, in plants fed with NH4+, these contents were lower than in the other N treatments in salinity conditions. The K+ contents, on the other hand, were reduced by salinity, and the plants fed with the mixed NO3-/ NH4+ and only NH4+ absorbed less K+ than the ones fed only with NO3-, mainly in the leaves and stems of plants after 11 days and in leaves and roots of plants after 18 days of salt stress. This way, there was influence of N source in the Na+/K+ ratio, particularly in roots of plants after 18 days of exposure to salt stress, whose lower increases in this parameter were observed in the plants treated only with NO3-. The greatest increments in the Cl- contents caused by salinity were observed in plants fed with NO3- and with the mixed NO3-/ NH4+. However, in control conditions, these contents were increased in leaves and stems of plants fed only with NH4+. The NO3- contents were higher in plants fed with NO3- and NO3-/NH4+, when compared to the ones fed only with NH4+, both in control and salinity conditions. The greatest and lowest Cl-/NO3- ratio were found, respectively, in plants treated with NO3- and with NH4+. The shoot NH4+ contents were little influenced by salinity or by N source, however, in roots of plants fed with NH4+ and under salinity, there was a great accumulation of these ions after 18 days of stress. The soluble carbohydrates contents, in general, increased by salinity, except in the leaves and stems (after 18 days of salt stress) and in the roots (during all the experimental period) of the plants treated with NH4+. Generally, the soluble proteins and soluble amino acids contents were increased by salinity, and the biggest quantities of these solutes were observed in the roots of plants fed with NH4+ and after 18 days of salt stress. The total N contents were reduced by salinity and it was observed especially in plants fed only with NO3-. In the leaves, the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) were greater in plants fed with NO3- and with the mixed NO3-/ NH4+. Little influence of salinity in NiR activity was observed in maize leaves. In the leaves, the salinity influenced differently the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) between the different sources of N and time of salt exposure. However, in the roots, in general, the GS activity increased withy salinity, except for the plants fed with NH4+, which were not influenced by this stress. After 18 days of salt exposure, the GS activity was greater in the plants fed with NH4+, compared to the other N treatments. The activity of glutamate synthase (GOGAT), in the leaves, in generral, increased with salinity, despite that, this activity was reduced in the roots mainly in the plants fed with NO3-, after 4 days, and with NH4+, after 11 and 18 days. These results suggest that the several N sources did not influence the tolerance of maize plants to salinity. However, the plants fed with NO3- had better results in ion relations. And greatest GS activities observed in roots of the plants fed with NH4+, after 18 days of stress, helped in the osmotic adjustment, as a consequence of the accumulation of soluble proteins and soluble amino acids

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