Today's consumers have shown a greater concern in the relationship between dietary fat and human health. The demand for leaner meat is continuously on the rise. The reduction of fat deposits in the abdominal area of ready-to-cook fryers, considered a waste product in the poultry industry, has become a major opportunity for the researcher. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the merit of managerial practices affecting abdominal fat (AF) levels in broiler chickens. Factors studied included seasons of the year, source of the commercial broiler strain crosses, stocking densities, lighting systems, types of housing, dietary salt (NaCl) 1eve1s and feed restriction. Two housing types (open-sided and windowless) and different seasons were utilized to evaluate the influence on broiler performance and AF levels. Raising broilers from the same strain cross in an open-sided building did not affect performance and AF levels. Mean body weight (BW) were highest in fall season (1929 g ) and lowest in summer (1735 g) (p<.05) while highest and lowest % AF revels were observed in spring and winter (2.34, and 1.42 respectively). The comparative effect of feeding regime, (full feed, FF), 95 and 90% FF), dietary salt 1evels (0, 0.25, and 0.5% of the finisher diet), stocking densities (0.06, 0.07, and 0.09 m�� of floor space per bird) and type of housing (battery cages and litter pens) were examined on broiler performance and AF lever. Ninety % FF resulted in significantly lower body weights and AF levers compared to ad libitum feeding. At 49 days of age, mean BW of broilers fed 0.5% salt were higher (P<.05) than the group not provided with salt. Altering stocking densities and rearing in battery cages failed to show any significant improvements performance and % AF. Lighting regime 12 h light (L): 12 h dark (D), recycled during the rearing period resulted in lower (p<.05) mean BW than continuous lighting regime (CL) when applied from 5 days of age. Broilers raised on 16L:8D after 21 days had comparable performance to CL. Lighting regime of 12L:12D, recycled in combination with increasing stocking densities from 0. 06 to 0.8 m�� floor space/broiler and intermittent righting of lL:3D in combination with the addition of 0.5% salt to the diet resulted in improved (P<.05) BW with no corresponding increases in AF levels. Factors such as season of the year, feeding of salt, and manipulation of light (up to 8 h dark) can be used as tools in reducing % AF and overall production costs. / Graduation date: 1993

Polymorphic crystal forms in food fats contribute to physical characteristics of the fats and consequently to their performance in fat based foods. In the present study the phase transitions associated with polymorphism behavior of common food fats were investigated. The polymorphism of butters, margarines, cocoa butter and cocoa butter products were determined and the effects of certain ingredients and conditions of temperature were studied. The following polymorphic forms were detected: sub-alpha, alpha, beta' , beta'3, beta' 2, beta, beta2, and beta1; however, not all forms were observed in all fats. Margarines contained beta' and beta forms depending on their fat constituents, while butter, cocoa butter, and fat blends consisted of alpha, beta' and beta; only the beta' form of butter showed a sharp melting point. Rapeseed oil exhibited alpha, beta1 and beta 2 forms, depending on the degree of hydrogenation. / DSC measurements of fat blends were correlated with viscosity index measurements from Universal Material Testing Machine (UMTM) using a single cycle, back extrusion technique. A correlation of R2 = 0.70 (p = 0.95) was obtained. Viscosity index decreased as temperature increased, suggesting a possible relationship between viscosity index and solid fat fraction. This suggests that viscosity index could be a potential indicator of food fat textural properties which are evaluated by DSC. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

No description available.

Assessment methods are continually updated to adequately measure dietary intakes. Rapid Assessment Methodologies, or RAMs, are being developed to quickly measure specific nutrients. Although no perfect measure of an individual’s diet exists, diet records (DRs) are considered the most accurate assessment technique. The goal of this research was to design a short form using the frequency of consumption to detect clientele with high dietary fat intake. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of 24 foods was developed based on data from national sources and on data on college students. College student FFQ ratings were compared with three-day DRs to determine the foods predicting the fat in their diet. Two RAMs, Fat Factor Short (FF Short) and Fat Factor Long (FF Long) were designed: FF Short (a shortlist of six foods) and FF Long (a longer list of 12 foods). FF Short was the preferred predictor of students consuming a high-fat diet. Short food lists should be useful in predicting dietary fat intake and assist in detecting individuals requiring further educational programs on reducing dietary fat. / Master of Science

Dietary guidelines recommend that Americans consume no more than 30 percent of energy intake from fat. The most recent national survey reported that U.S. women consume about 36 percent of energy from fat. Very little is presently known about the fat intake, or food sources of fat in the diets of college students, a subgroup of the population, with newly established eating habits. This study examined nutrient intake and sources of fat in the diets of 233 women and 60 men enrolled in six introductory nutrition courses from September 1987 through June 1988. Female students were further subdivided to determine whether the independent variables, living situation (on campus or off campus), or fat content of diet (fat intake less than or equal to 30 percent of energy consumed, or fat intake more than 30 percent of energy consumed) had an effect on nutrient intake or food sources of fat. Each student in the sample kept a two-day food intake record, and filled out a form reporting their sex, age, major, and living arrangement. Dietary intakes were analyzed for macronutrients, types of fat, cholesterol, vitamin B6, calcium, iron, and zinc. Mean intakes, nutrient density, proportion of students who did not meet 75 percent of the RDA, and energy distribution as percent intake of protein, fat, and carbohydrate were compared between sample subgroups. Foods were categorized into 27 food groups. Groupings, adapted from Popkin et. al. (15), were based on the Four Food Groups, which were further subdivided by fat content. Per capita consumption of each food group, proportion of users of each food category, and per user consumption of foods in each category were compared between sample subgroups. T-tests were used to compare mean nutrient and food group intakes, and chi-square analysis was used to compare proportion of individuals who met 75 percent of the RDA, and proportion of individuals that consumed foods from each food group. The college women in this sample exceeded dietary guidelines for fat consumption. They did, however, have a lower intake of fat than a national sample of women 19 to 34 years, living in the western U.S. in 1986, and a correspondingly lower intake of cholesterol. A large proportion of the college women consumed less than 75 percent of the RDA for vitamin B6, calcium, iron, and zinc. Meat is a major source for all of these nutrients except calcium. College women consumed less zinc than the national sample of women, and had a lower intake of meat. Women with a low fat intake, also, had a lower intake of zinc, and consumed less meat. The college men did not have a proportionately greater intake of fat than college women, although they did have a greater intake of cholesterol due to the greater consumption of foods of animal origin. / Graduation date: 1990

Thesis (MTech (Consumer Science: Food and Nutrition))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Objective: To determine the association between the dietary fat knowledge and consumption of foods rich in fat among first-year students in self-catering residence at a university of technology, Cape Town, South Africa. Design: The two concepts – the dietary fat knowledge (represented by dietary fat food knowledge and dietary fat nutrition knowledge) and the consumption of foods rich in fat – were assessed separately. Two norm-referenced, valid and reliable knowledge tests and an intake screening questionnaire were used for the assessments (as subsidiary objectives), before the associations between the concepts were determined (main objective). The dietary fat food and nutrition knowledge as assessed was categorised in the range poor or below average, average and good or above average, and the consumption of foods rich in fat as high, quite high, the typical Western diet, approaching low or desirable. The Pearson‟s chi-square test was applied to these categorical findings to determine if associations (five percent significance) existed between the concepts. Results: The stratified sample included 225 first-year students. Nearly half (48.4%) of them achieved an average fat food knowledge score, while the majority (80.9%) achieved a poor fat nutrition knowledge score. More than half (52.5%) either followed a typical Western diet, a diet quite high in fat or high in fat. While no significant (p > 0.05) association was found between the students‟ dietary fat food knowledge and consumption of foods rich in fat, significant results were found in the association between the students‟ dietary fat nutrition knowledge and consumption of foods rich in fat (p < 0.05) and between their fat food knowledge and fat nutrition knowledge (p < 0.001). Conclusions: An inverse association was found between the students‟ dietary fat nutrition knowledge and fat consumption, a positive association between their dietary fat food knowledge and dietary fat nutrition knowledge, and no association between their dietary fat food knowledge and fat consumption.

The application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the determination of nutrition labeling component data (NLCD) was investigated, with the intent of using this methodology as a primary method to calibrate FTIR instrumentation for NLCD confirmation or screening on a routine basis. Unlike previous NMR studies, this work used three strategies to attain accuracy and reproducibility of NLCD through: (i) appropriate setting of operational parameters for spectral acquisition; (ii) resonance selection by optimizing the signal in proportion to the nuclei population and (iii) integration of resonances by pre-defined fixed chemical shift ranges. Both of 13C NMR spectra and 1H NMR spectra were shown to provide robust and acceptable results on the condition of appropriate acquisition of spectra for quantization purposes and the adoption of standard procedures for spectral processing, integration and calculation purposes. A quantitative approach of NLCD including trans content was determined by the interpretation resonance signals of 13C's and 1H's from methylene groups presented in triglyceride complex of fats and oils. An alternative method based on partial-least-squares (PLS) calibrations was provided as well, the latter proved to be especially useful in dealing with overlapping bands frequently found in 1H spectra. With the diagnostic provided by PLS, the trans and cis signals were shown to be separated in 1H spectra. It is the premise for the trans fat determination based on 1H spectra. Unit conversion from mole to weight % was addressed and a solution was developed based on NMR data per se, without significant assumptions. Validation involving the analysis of three different lipid types (model triacylglycerols, refined and hydrogenated oils) demonstrated that NMR predictions of NLCD were in good agreement with those results either from samples' actual values as well as those obtained using GC and FTIR predictions. Thus with appropriate integration of instrumentation, software and spectral processing accessories, both 13C and 1H NMR can determine NLCD, but with the capability to determine trans, 1H NMR is more practical than 13C NMR due to its much shorter spectral acquisition time. Thus NMR can serve as a primary method for the calibration of FTIR instrumentation, a practical instrumental method for routine NLCD determination and screening.

Graduation date: 1992

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-31Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000815948.pdf: 466028 bytes, checksum: 6d558034e621d063e564ffdd55327e17 (MD5) / Para avaliar os efeitos de dietas alimentares utilizando fontes de gordura protegida (Megalac® ou linhaça) associada superestimulação hormonal sobre os parâmetros da aspiração folicular em cabras foram utilizadas 18 cabras da raça Anglo-Nubiano, clinicamente saudáveis e aptas a reprodução. Os animais foram divididos e alojados aleatoriamente em 3 grupos experimentais com 6 animais cada, sendo um grupo controle (C), com dieta utilizando-se o óleo de soja fonte de gordura alimentar, um grupo com dieta utilizando-se MEGALAC® (M) como fonte de gordura protegida, um grupo com dieta alimentar utilizando-se semente de linhaça (L) como fonte de gordura protegida. Todos os animais foram submetidos a ultrassonografia transretal para a avaliação da quantidade e do diâmetro folicular imediatamente antes da aspiração folicular por vídeo laparoscopia, os oócitos obtidos foram maturados in vitro e avaliados quanto a sua capacidade de maturação, para a uma melhor avaliação da resposta dos animais a dieta e ao procedimento de aspiração folicular foi coletada amostras de sangue de todos os animais para avaliação hematológica e da bioquímica sérica. Não houve diferença no escore de condição corporal e no ganho de peso dos animais. No exame ultrassonográfico foi notada diferença no diâmetro dos folículos observados entre o primeiro (4,29 ± 0,06) e o segundo (3,69± 0,07) ultrassom o diâmetro dos folículos considerados aspiráveis pelo ultrassom também diminuiu do primeiro (5,05 ± 0,06) para o segundo (4,71 ± 0,13) ultrassom. Notou-se uma maior média de folículos observados (28,4 ± 4,17) e aspirados (26,8 ± 4,12) e oócitos recuperados (10,9 ± 1,37) no Grupo C na. As análises sanguíneas não mostrou diferença entre grupos, porém parâmetros sofreram alterações no período pós operatório com retorno a normalidade nos momentos seguintes / To evaluate the effects of diet with protected fat (Megalac® or linseed) associated with ovarian super-stimulation on an follicular aspiration parameters, 18 anglo-nubian goats, in perfect health, were used. The animals were divided in 3 experimental groups with 6 individuals per group, one control group, under a diet without protected fat with an ovarian super-stimulation protocol, one group under a diet with MEGALAC® and under an ovarian super-stimulation protocol, one group under a diet with linseed and under an ovarian super-stimulation protocol. All the animals were submitted to an ultrasound evaluation immediately before the laparoscopic ovum pick up (LOPU), all the obtained oocytes were classified and in vitro maturated and evaluate as their ability to mature, to evaluate the responses of the animals, certified health and security of the diet and LOPU, blood samples were taken for evaluation of cell blood count, serum biochemistry profile. During the ultrasound exams were noticed a decrease in follicles diameter from the first(4,29 ± 0,06, mm) to second(3,69± 0,07, mm) ultrasound, and in viable follicles diameter from the first(5,05 ± 0,06, mm) to second (4,71 ± 0,13, mm) ultasound. Animals from the group C had more follicles observed (28,4 ± 4,17) and aspired (26,8 ± 4,12) and more oocytes recovered (10,9 ± 1,37), were noticed a decrease in number of thoses parameters in all groups from comparing the first LOPU with the second. Blood analyses did not shown any difference between gropus, however were significant changes on the post-surgical period, with a soon return to normality

Orientador: Vera Fernanda Martins Hossepian de Lima / Coorientador: José Jurandir Fagliari / Coorientador: Maria Emilia Franco Oliveira / Banca: Jeferson Ferreira da Fonseca / Banca: Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano / Resumo: Para avaliar os efeitos de dietas alimentares utilizando fontes de gordura protegida (Megalac® ou linhaça) associada superestimulação hormonal sobre os parâmetros da aspiração folicular em cabras foram utilizadas 18 cabras da raça Anglo-Nubiano, clinicamente saudáveis e aptas a reprodução. Os animais foram divididos e alojados aleatoriamente em 3 grupos experimentais com 6 animais cada, sendo um grupo controle (C), com dieta utilizando-se o óleo de soja fonte de gordura alimentar, um grupo com dieta utilizando-se MEGALAC® (M) como fonte de gordura protegida, um grupo com dieta alimentar utilizando-se semente de linhaça (L) como fonte de gordura protegida. Todos os animais foram submetidos a ultrassonografia transretal para a avaliação da quantidade e do diâmetro folicular imediatamente antes da aspiração folicular por vídeo laparoscopia, os oócitos obtidos foram maturados in vitro e avaliados quanto a sua capacidade de maturação, para a uma melhor avaliação da resposta dos animais a dieta e ao procedimento de aspiração folicular foi coletada amostras de sangue de todos os animais para avaliação hematológica e da bioquímica sérica. Não houve diferença no escore de condição corporal e no ganho de peso dos animais. No exame ultrassonográfico foi notada diferença no diâmetro dos folículos observados entre o primeiro (4,29 ± 0,06) e o segundo (3,69± 0,07) ultrassom o diâmetro dos folículos considerados aspiráveis pelo ultrassom também diminuiu do primeiro (5,05 ± 0,06) para o segundo (4,71 ± 0,13) ultrassom. Notou-se uma maior média de folículos observados (28,4 ± 4,17) e aspirados (26,8 ± 4,12) e oócitos recuperados (10,9 ± 1,37) no Grupo C na. As análises sanguíneas não mostrou diferença entre grupos, porém parâmetros sofreram alterações no período pós operatório com retorno a normalidade nos momentos seguintes / Abstract: To evaluate the effects of diet with protected fat (Megalac® or linseed) associated with ovarian super-stimulation on an follicular aspiration parameters, 18 anglo-nubian goats, in perfect health, were used. The animals were divided in 3 experimental groups with 6 individuals per group, one control group, under a diet without protected fat with an ovarian super-stimulation protocol, one group under a diet with MEGALAC® and under an ovarian super-stimulation protocol, one group under a diet with linseed and under an ovarian super-stimulation protocol. All the animals were submitted to an ultrasound evaluation immediately before the laparoscopic ovum pick up (LOPU), all the obtained oocytes were classified and in vitro maturated and evaluate as their ability to mature, to evaluate the responses of the animals, certified health and security of the diet and LOPU, blood samples were taken for evaluation of cell blood count, serum biochemistry profile. During the ultrasound exams were noticed a decrease in follicles diameter from the first(4,29 ± 0,06, mm) to second(3,69± 0,07, mm) ultrasound, and in viable follicles diameter from the first(5,05 ± 0,06, mm) to second (4,71 ± 0,13, mm) ultasound. Animals from the group C had more follicles observed (28,4 ± 4,17) and aspired (26,8 ± 4,12) and more oocytes recovered (10,9 ± 1,37), were noticed a decrease in number of thoses parameters in all groups from comparing the first LOPU with the second. Blood analyses did not shown any difference between gropus, however were significant changes on the post-surgical period, with a soon return to normality / Mestre