A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Occupational Therapy Johannesburg, 2019 / Rugby, as a contact sport, has inherent risks of injury. Children and adolescents playing rugby at schoolboy level have a developing skeletal system and therefore injuries through this age of play may result in injuries to under-developed bones. This research study looked to identify whether the laws of rugby align to protect skeletal development of children and adolescents through law adaptations. Framework Analysis was used to develop a matrix which aligned the adapted laws of rugby with bone fusion ages. In future studies this can be used as a base for other areas of development and other sports. This matrix was further analysed to determine a severity rating scale and this scale identified some bones of the skull (occipital, sphenoid and zygomatic), upper limb (scapular, glenoid and clavicle) and lower limb (sacrum and pelvic girdle) as having a higher risk for severe injury. While these bones are at severe potential risk of injury it is important to note that only one measure of maturation was used and in future additional measures of maturation should be used. In conclusion, while the adapted laws of rugby do protect some bones of the developing skeletal system, they do not protect all of the developing bones of the skeletal system. The matrix could be used to guide future law makers in their endeavour of making the game of rugby safer for children and adolescents / MT 2020

This thesis will highlight the significance and representation of race in the film and television show Friday Night Lights. The core claim of my thesis will show that representation of race was different in the film as compared to the television show due to their various settings, one historical (1980s) and the other contemporary (2000s). While both the film and the television show were produced in the 2000s, their use of two different historical periods allows for contrasting representations of race even they both draw from the book Friday Night Lights. The film's representation of race is reflective of its late 1980s setting, therefore, viewers of the film will see a more explicit handling of racial issues. During that time period it was socially acceptable to talk about issues of race straightforwardly and directly. On the other hand, the television show's contemporary setting, by contrast, allows for the representation of race to be handled more suggestively, indirectly, and implicitly, reflecting new ways of thinking about race more prevalent to the early 21st century. / by Keisha Johnson. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2012. Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

Tackle football has been one of the most popular sports for boys in the United States since the mid-twentieth century. This dissertation examines how debates over the safety of football for children at the high school level and younger have changed from 1945 through the present. After World War II, the expansion of youth tackle football leagues, particularly for pre-pubescent children, fostered a new range of medical and educational concerns. Yet calls for limits on tackle football were largely obscured by the political and social culture of the Cold War, including beliefs about violence, masculinity, and competition. A broad range of groups and individuals were involved in debating the safety of youth football throughout the remainder of the twentieth and early twenty-first century. These groups included doctors, coaches, educators, lawyers, engineers, parents, athletes, journalists, and sporting goods manufacturers. Their arguments over the risks and benefits of youth football involved not only the sport’s effects on physical health, but also on social and emotional well-being. By the 1970s, researchers were applying injury epidemiology methods to studying key mechanisms involved in football injuries, while a broader consumer product safety movement contributed to the development of the first football helmet standards. Football equipment not only remained a primary focus of football safety debates, but often symbolized safety itself. Sporting goods manufacturers largely succeeded in framing the issue of football safety as a matter of individual responsibility. The social position of children and their communities shaped debates over the risks and benefits of football, including the sport’s spectator nature. By the early twentieth-first century, concerns about football-related brain injuries at all levels of the sport emerged as a topic of national debate. New medical findings and the reporting and advocacy of journalists and former athletes contributed to increasing awareness of brain trauma in the sport. Debates over the appropriate policy recommendations to make in the context of uncertainty over youth football’s long-term consequences have persisted since 1945 through the present.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:41:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Marco Araujo Chaves.pdf: 1473011 bytes, checksum: 5b0f2f8c3b9da9ac854dd43167da4eef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-08 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This study presents a discussion of symbolic meanings present in local practices cheerleaders. The research objective was to investigate the social meanings of twist for a professional football team in Manaus. To carry out our research we assume that the initial twist is seemingly simple, seen through the prism of references and identity standards of the population, however, immersed in this apparent simplicity, and in addition to the sports events are present dynamics of intense relations passion, social and cultural meanings ample, where their signs bring with them a symbolic universe that say a lot about the Brazilian society and Manauense so particular. Our research was characterized as an ethnographic study and data collection were used as instruments, questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and a field journal. To decode the discourse of the interviewees and extract from them the essence of the phenomenon, we used discourse analysis. In order to unravel the social meanings present in the twist were chosen cheerleaders who cheer the teams, because despite the current state of football amazonenense they exist and have local representation. The data collection of the research involved fans organized cheerleading Alvinegro the Empire Athletic Club Rio Negro, the organized supporters Narraça the National Football Club and the fans organizes Hurricane Blue São Raimundo Esporte Clube. Besides the organized fans were also part of this research the ordinary fans, in order to ascertain their perceptions of the meanings of the twist and these differed from the perception of organized supporters, as well as to know which teams of your choice. The study revealed that the twist to manauenses football fans, who mostly twist primarily by professional clubs of the State of Rio de Janeiro, plays an important role in the social life of the same forms of socialization and identification symbolically present and for its ability to generate exciting and thrilling moments, within a highly regulated and standardized daily / Este estudo apresenta uma discussão acerca das significações simbólicas presente nas práticas torcedoras manauenses. O objetivo da pesquisa consistiu em investigar os significados sociais do ato de torcer por um time de futebol profissional em Manaus. Para realização de nossa pesquisa partimos do pressuposto inicial que ato de torcer é aparentemente simples, visto pelo prisma das referências e dos padrões de identidade da população brasileira. Porém, imersos nesta aparente simplicidade, e para além das manifestações esportivas estão presentes dinâmicas de intensas relações de paixão, significados sociais e culturais amplos, nos quais seus signos trazem consigo um universo simbólico que dizem muito sobre a sociedade brasileira, e manauense, de forma particular. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como um estudo do tipo etnográfico e na coleta das informações foram utilizados como instrumentos questionário, entrevista semiestruturada além de um diário de campo. Para decodificar os discursos dos sujeitos entrevistados e extrair deles a essência do fenômeno, utilizamos a análise do discurso. No intuito de desvendar os significados sociais presentes no ato de torcer foram escolhidas as torcidas organizadas que torcem pelos times locais, pois apesar do atual estágio do futebol amazonenense elas existem e possuem representatividade local. A coleta de dados da pesquisa envolveu torcedores organizados da torcida Império Alvinegro do Atlético Rio Negro Clube, da torcida organizada Narraça do Nacional Futebol Clube e da torcida organiza Furacão Azul do São Raimundo Esporte Clube. Além dos torcedores organizados também fizeram parte dessa pesquisa os torcedores comuns, com a finalidade de se averiguar suas percepções sobre os significados do ato de torcer e se estas diferiam das percepção dos torcedores organizados, assim como também para conhecer quais os times de sua preferência. O estudo revelou que o ato de torcer para os torcedores manauenses de futebol, que em sua grande maioria torcem prioritariamente por clubes profissionais do Estado do Rio de janeiro, exerce uma importante função social na vida dos mesmos pelas formas de sociabilização e identificação presentes simbolicamente e por sua capacidade de gerar momentos excitantes e emocionantes, no seio de um cotidiano altamente regulamentado e normatizado.

Abstract not available

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-236). / Microfiche. / ix, 236 leaves, bound 29 cm

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rugby in South Africa has a long racial and political history. This history was a direct result of the policy of apartheid in which a deliberate attempt was made to arrange all areas of life along racial lines. One saw rugby being played and administered on the basis of race in which disparities between races became apparent. Twenty years into democracy and one has seen transformation in South African sport been increasingly prioritized by national government in which numerous policies have been developed to bring about redress and equity in sport. The South African Rugby Union (SARU) and Provincial Rugby Unions in their attempt to transform rugby have implemented numerous strategic plans to ensure greater access to the game in historically disadvantaged areas. Yet despite the efforts of both state and non-state actors rugby at a senior national and provincial level is still dominated by white players even though the majority of rugby players at a junior level are non-white. The research focused on how transformation policies in rugby have been implemented in the Western Cape. The research design was a case study, in which the author conducted a number of interviews with rugby administrators and managers, both past and present, involved at the Western Province Rugby Football Union (WPRFU). The objectives of the research was to look at what implementation initiatives have been put in place, both on and off the field, to bring about transformation of rugby in the Western Cape. The case study focused on rugby played at an intermediate level in which rugby institutions, school rugby and recruitment and club rugby in the Western Cape were explored. The research focused on how transformation policies have been implemented by those involved with rugby at a provincial and local level. Implementation of transformation policies in rugby was seen as a dynamic and complex process in which both state and non-state actors played an important role. Thus the theoretical approach of the research was a bottom-up approach to public policy implementation. The findings showed that while there was no strict enforcement of a quota on teams at the intermediate level the WPRFU have carried out a number of implementation initiatives in which transformation has been advanced. This is particularly true of transformation off the field in which employment equity and preferential procurement of the Union’s broader administrative structure has been advanced. Yet findings into school and club level rugby showed that there still existed great social and economic disparities between historically advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Thus the goal of achieving equity and access in rugby has yet to be reached at these levels. The research highlighted that transformation at a senior professional level will remain a challenge as rugby cannot escape the socioeconomic context in which it is embedded in. Therefore increase focus needs to be placed on transforming rugby at school and club level in which disadvantaged groups need to be assisted so as to ensure that rugby is played on a level playing field. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Rugby in Suid-Afrika het ’n lang rasse- en politieke geskiedenis. Hierdie geskiedenis is die direkte gevolg van die apartheidsbeleid, wat opsetlik daarop gemik was om alle lewensfasette op grond van rasseonderskeid te organiseer. Rugby is ook op grond van ras gespeel en geadministreer, en die ongelykhede tussen rasse het duidelik daaruit geblyk. Twintig jaar sedert demokrasie ingestel is, word transformasie in Suid-Afrikaanse sport toenemend deur die nasionale regering voorop gestel. Verskeie beleide is ontwikkel om herstel en gelykheid in sport te bewerkstellig. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Rugbyunie (Saru) en provinsiale rugbyunies het talle strategiese planne implementeer in hulle poging om rugby te transformeer en groter toegang tot die spel onder histories-benadeelde gemeenskappe te verseker. Ten spyte van pogings deur regerings- sowel as nieregeringsrolspelers oorheers blanke spelers steeds rugby op senior-nasionale en -provinsiale vlak, al is die meeste spelers op junior vlak nieblank. Die navorsing fokus op die implementering van transformasiebeleide in rugby in die WesKaap. Die navorsingsontwerp is ’n gevallestudie waarin die outeur ’n aantal onderhoude met rugbyadministrateurs en -bestuurders gevoer het wat tans of in die verlede by die Westelike Provinsie Rugby Voetbalunie (WPRVU) betrokke is of was. Die navorsingsdoelwit was om te kyk na die implementeringsinisiatiewe wat ingestel is, op die veld sowel as daarvan af, om transformasie in rugby in die Wes-Kaap te bewerkstellig. Die gevallestudie het gefokus op rugby op intermediêre vlak; rugby-instellings, skoolrugby en -werwings en klubrugby in die Wes-Kaap is ondersoek. Die navorsing het gefokus op die manier waarop transformasiebeleide op provinsiale en plaaslike vlak geïmplementeer is. Beleidsimplementering het geblyk ’n dinamiese en komplekse proses te wees waarop regerings- sowel as nieregeringsrolspelers ’n belangrike invloed het. Die teoretiese benadering tot die navorsing was dus ’n onder-na-bo-benadering tot openbare beleidsimplementering. Die bevindinge toon dat, hoewel ’n streng kwotastelsel nie op spanne op intermediêre vlak toegepas is nie, die WPRVU wel transformasie deur middel van ’n aantal implementeringsinisiatiewe bevorder het. Dit geld in die besonder van transformasie weg van die veld af, waar die Unie se breër administratiewe struktuur diensbillikheid en voorkeurverkryging bevorder het. Bevindings wat rugby op skool- en klubvlak betref, het egter getoon dat daar steeds groot sosiale en ekonomiese ongelykhede tussen historiesbevoordeelde en -benadeelde groepe bestaan. Op hierdie vlak is die doelwit om gelykheid en toegang in rugby te bewerkstellig dus nog onbereik. Die navorsing beklemtoon dat transformasie op senior provinsiale vlak ’n uitdaging sal bly, aangesien rugby nie kan ontsnap aan die sosio-ekonomiese konteks waarin dit gesetel is nie. Wat dus nodig is, is ’n verhoogde fokus om rugby op skool- en klubvlak te transformeer en dat benadeelde groepe bygestaan word om te verseker dat die speelveld vir rugby gelyk gemaak word.

Based on bioecological and cultural historical approaches, the aims of this study were to identify and explore ecological factors influencing the environment’s success in developing talented male football players, to identify and explore ecological conditions associated with becoming a professional football player, and to present a qualitatively derived ecological framework of the environmental conditions associated with becoming a professional football player. It followed a shift in research attention from the individual athlete to the environment in which he or she develops. A cultural praxis framework was adopted as a guiding principle and a single case study was used as a methodological approach. A successful talent development environment was the case under study, from which 17 participants were approached for data collection. The participants numbered ten young talented footballers, five of their parents and two of their coaches. Data was collected via individual open-ended and semi-structured interviews which were supplemented through unstructured observations, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis with the focus on positive factors congruent with successful developmental outcomes. The results revealed how the developing players as active participants in their talent development process interacted with contextual factors associated with successful talent development and outline. Based on the data analysis, an empirical conceptual framework of factors playing a role in talent development is proposed. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)