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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 298 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 288-298).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 288-298).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Anthropology, June 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 munhoz_e_dr_arafo.pdf: 3085541 bytes, checksum: f014aca5c4e34e1bd024219270c2acaf (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O estresse, atualmente, é considerado um fator importante na fisiopatologia de muitos distúrbios psiquiátricos. Embora os efeitos do estresse agudo possam ser contrabalanceados por respostas adaptativas, o estresse intenso, repetido ou prolongado pode eliciar alterações neuronais duradouras que constituirão as bases de doenças psiquiátricas, como a depressão. Levantamentos epidemiológicos também mostram elevada prevalência de tabagistas entre pacientes com depressão maior. Estas altas taxas de comorbidade sugerem uma provável relação causal: pacientes com depressão proeminente procurariam a nicotina para alívio dos sintomas. Assim, este trabalho investigou as alterações neuroquímicas e neuroendócrinas mediadas pela nicotina na resposta de adaptação ao estresse, utilizando-se, para tanto, o teste modificado da natação forçada (TNF). Para tanto, ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos ao TNF (30 cm de água, 24 ± 1ºC) por 15 min e tratados (1, 19 e 23h) com nicotina (NIC: 0,5 mg/kg, sc), imipramina (IMI: 15 mg/kg, ip) ou salina (SAL). Uma hora após a última injeção, os animais foram reexpostos (5 min) à mesma cuba. Imediatamente após o teste, os animais foram sacrificados; o hipocampo dorsal (HD) e ventral (HV), hipotálamo (HT) e os núcleos dorsal (DR) e mediano (MR) da rafe foram coletados por punch para quantificação de 5-HT, 5-HIAA e NA por HPLC e o sangue, para quantificação da corticosterona plasmática por radioimunoensaio. O hipocampo total também foi utilizado para avaliar a expressão do receptor serotoninérgico 5-HT1A e do glicorreceptor (GR) por western blot. Ainda, avaliou-se o efeito da prazosina nas alterações neuroquímicas induzidas pelo TNF. O tratamento subcrônico com NIC e IMI reduziu em 39% e 50%, respectivamente, o parâmetro de imobilidade e aumentou em 52% e 66%, respectivamente, as contagens de escalada, em relação ao grupo... / Stress is considered a key component in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric diseases. Although the effects of acute stress can be counterbalanced by adaptative responses, intense, repeated or prolonged stress can elicit long lasting neuronal alterations that are related to the occurrence of psychiatric disorders, such as depression. Epidemiological studies have also identified a high prevalence of smokers among depressive patients. These observations suggest a causal relationship: smoking is a self-medication effort to alleviate some symptoms of depression by nicotine. Then, this study investigated nicotine mediatedneurochemical and neuroendocrine alterations in the adaptation response to stress. The modified forced swmming test (FST), a protocol originally employed for screnning new antidepressant drugs, was employed. Male Wistar rats were placed individually into a container (30-cm of water, 24±1ºC, 15 min - pretest). Then animals received nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), imipramine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline injections at 1, 19 and 23h after the pretest. One hour after the injections, animals were placed in the same container for 5 min. Immediately after, the animals were sacrificed; dorsal (DH) and ventral (VH) hippocampus, hypothalamus (HT) and dorsal (DR) and median (MR) raphe nuclei were collected by punch for measurement of 5-HT, 5-HIAA and NA by HPLC (expressed in ng/mg tissue). Blood samples were collected for determination of plasma corticosterone levels by radioimmunoassay. The whole hippocampus was also used to evaluate the expression of the 5-HT1A serotoninergic receptor and glucocorticoid receptor by western blot. The effects of prazosin in TNF induced-neurochemical alterations was also evaluated. Nicotine and imipramine decreased in 39% and 50%, respectively, the immobility behavior and increased in 52% and 66%, respectively, the climbing scores, in relation to saline... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Bibliography: leaves 86-90. / Involuntary resettlement due to planned economic interventions for the purpose of economic growth, is a political and socio-economic phenomenon. It is associated with development and poverty, as it affects livelihoods of those involved. This process impacts differently on different individuals, depending on their capability to regain earning and productive bases, to access support systems, as well as to access opportunities and widen choices that sustain their lives. The study investigates the assumption that their vulnerability, ineligibility for compensation provisions and lack of specific programmes to address their needs affect their capability to adjust in new areas. In view of this, the purpose of the study is to explore the impact of resettlement on vulnerable groups (the landless, unemployable aged and disabled). The overall objective is to highlight their situation, because of a concern for their long-term welfare, possible marginalisation from mainstream development and risk of poverty. The coverage involved vulnerable groups in stage one resettlement. A stratified sampling technique was employed to select 31 respondents who represent these groups. In the study, primary and secondary data were collected by making use of In-depth interviews, focus-group discussions and content analysis of related literature. A semi-structured schedule with open-ended questions was employed to gather information that was qualitatively manipulated. The findings suggest that the resettlement process has resulted in the disruption of support systems, limited opportunities in host areas, and inadequate restorative measures to sustain livelihoods of vulnerable groups. As a result, these groups are disempowered, marginalised and excluded from mainstream social and economic development, which compounds their risk of impoverishment.

- Protection of forced heir and disinheritance The purpose of this thesis is to describe the current legislation concerning protection of forced heir and disinheritance and to highlight the recent and most important changes. The protection of forced heir shows intergenerational solidarity in law of succession opposed to another basic principle of law of succession - decedents autonomy of will. The institute of forced heir grants right to inherit a forced share to descendent's children in case the descendent forgets to include them in his disposition mortis causa. Disinheritance is the only legal option to break the protection of forced heir. The descendent might, only in compliance with the conditions set by the civil code, deprive the forced heir of his right to inherit the forced share completely or partially. The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter One introduces the basic terms, such as protection of forced heir, disinheritance and the institute of incapacity to inherit as one of the reasons for disinheritance. Chapter Two is subdivided into five parts and provides the historical background and development of the institutes of forced heir and disinheritance. Each part concentrates on different period, starting at legislation in ancient Rome and Common Civil Code through Czech Civil Code...

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Mesoscale processes in the atmosphere refer to the atmospheric processes that take place within a scale of a few to several hundred kilometres. Atmospheric phenomena like thunderstorms, inertia-gravity waves, jet streaks, fronts and many others have length scales within the range of Mesoscale dynamics. In the study of these processes, because the horizontal length scales are very large as compared to the vertical scales, often vertical acceleration is ignored. Such type of processes are termed as hydrostatic mesoscale processes. If the vertical accelerations are not ignored, then the mesoscale processes are known as nonhydrostatic mesoscale processes. This research work gives a study of the convectively forced nonhydrostatic mesoscale processes. Comparison is made between the results of both hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic mesoscale processes. To do so, a stably stratified, two-dimensional, Boussinesq, nonrotating, inviscid fluid experiencing a thermal forcing is considered under both hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic assumptions. While explicit analytic solutions are available for the hydrostatic cases under both a constant and a shear (linear in z) background profile, to understand the nonhydrostatic cases, a complete discritization of the governing linearized set of equations is carried out for the same background profiles. It has been found that the hydrostatic assumption does not depict the complete dynamics of the process. A horizontal propagation of a wave which is found to be present in the nonhydrostatic cases, is completely missing in the hydrostatic cases. Further, we show that for both, hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic, cases a sinusoidal shear background profile is nonlinearly unstable. However, because of mathematical difficulties, this work is done for a more specific convectively forced mesoscale processes. More specifically, a sinusoidal background profile is chosen and the external forcing is also treated in a more specific manner. Different from the study of flows forced by an external heating source, where the impacts of the forced wave modes with the atmosphere are studied, for various processes we need to allow the feedback of the atmosphere to the latent heating and a well known way to get such a feedback of the atmosphere is to assume that the diabatic heating is everywhere proportional to the vertical velocity. This kind of treatment of the external forcing is appropriate, for instance, for the processes like moist convection. Under such an assumption, the heating will respond to the motion of an air parcel. If the parcel rises upward, latent heat will be released and evaporative cooling will be observed if the parcel of air undergoes a downward motion. To prove the nonlinear instability for a sinusoidal background profile, first the well-posedness of the governing set of nonlinear equations is established. Then, a linear unstable mode is constructed using a method of continued fractions and then finally, following Grenier's idea, it is shown that the constructed linear unstable mode is also nonlinearly unstable. / Graduate / 0280 / 0346 / 0725 / 0373 / awais.qu@live.ca