In order to correctly assess the current status of antidumping law in South Africa, as well as to determine the role that it will play in the future, it is necessary to take its historical setting into account . This requires an investigation into the origins of South African anti-dumping law and the manner in which it was applied in the past.· In this regard the economic and political conditions which prevailed in the past are relevant as is the way in which these conditions have changed. As will become evident there has been much change regarding anti-dumping law in South Africa. This process of transition, concerning the status and role of anti-dumping law, must be recognised as forming the background when analysing the current position of anti-dumping law in South Africa. To determine a way forward for the law relating to dumping, in a manner that takes these economic and political changes accurately into account, and which is of a nature that is practically workable for South Africa, it is desirable to ref er to other legal systems and how these legal systems have used and developed their anti-dumping law.

By the second half of the 1980s, the USSR was on the br i nk of the most ambitious and far-reaching reform programme f or decades. This study concentrates on a policy area which is an integral element of the overall economic reform strategy - foreign economic relations with the developed capitalist countries. Gorbachev's policy of 'opening up' to the West is a continuation of a process which began during the 1960s but was interrupted as the USSR entered a phase of retreat f rom the world economy between 1976 and 1985. The Soviet policy line was not followed by all of its CMEA allies, most notably Hungary where the intention was declared to pursue further integration into the world economy. Concentrating on the USSR and Hungary in particular, this study examines the range of factors, internal as well a s external, which influenced CMEA countries' policies on economic relations with the OECD countries between 1976 and 1985. A number of important issues are covered, including the following. The reasons why the USSR and Hungary preferred different long term strategies. The role of nonleadership groups in each country's policy process. What the most important long term influences on CMEA countries' relations with the world economy are. Factors which affect East European leaderships' abilities to implement radical reform in the domestic economy and in foreign economic relations. The relationship between foreign trade poli cy and domestic economic and political reform. The case studies show how all the above issues a r e interrelated and highlight a range of phenomena applicable to all CMEA countries during a decade in which they faced acute dilemmas over their future development.

This study is about determining the circumstances which make, the inter- national sales of technology and know-how-through licensing arrangements a viable alternative to FDI and foreign trade for manufacturing firms. It identifies basic motivations for licensing, and examines company characteristics of British'companies in relation to observed licensing strategy overseas. In addition, it examines the effect on licensing of competition in the-sales of technology. A conceptual model of foreign licensing is tested on cross-sectional data gathered from 202 UK-based. and non-UK based companies. Data for 50 of these firms which were not engaged in any licensing activity, were obtained through direct phone calls and from their annual reports for 1980. Data for the remaining-152 companies, -which were involved in licensing arrangements, were obtained through mailed questionnaires and from published sources. In addition, 33 of these company's managers in charge of licensing were interviewed. The data was analysed by a battery of univariate and multivariate techniques. With regard to the costs and benefits of licensing, company executive responses show explicitly two common directions for their evaluation and concern. A company whose foreign licensing consists predominantly of granting licence rights for the use of its patents, trademarks and know-how in industries other than those in which it is itself active, or in the manufacture of products it does not choose to make or market overseas, is generally satisfied to assess the success of its activity by the volume of royalty receipts minus such easily determined direct costs as are incurred in negotiating, obtaining, and maintaining the licence contracts. Companies which are licensing proprietary rights and know-how relating to its own particular products and activities in contrast are much more involved with the licensee, have higher profit opportunity but greater loss exposure, and have much more opportunity to influence the indirect costs and indirect benefits generated by the licensing agreements. Other findings related to cost-benefit of licensing are that companies (1) which spend a relatively larger percentage of value-added on R&D, (2) which are relatively large in their industry, (3) which are more highly diversified, or (4) which have less experience in foreign manufacturing operations are more likely to license in order to supplement their FDI. Also, if there is competition in the sale of technology, managers are more willing-to-licence than to invest, providing the company does not try to preserve its market position in older products facing competition. The results of the study also show that companies which are involved in licensing are indeed distinguishable from those that do not have any licensing engagement, by a number of discriminatory characteristics. The research also shows that these companies do evaluate licensing as an alternative to FDI when they consider manufacturing in host-market. Finally, there is evidence that the firms which are enjoying-relative scale in their industry,. are highly diversified and have high R&D intensity are likely to adoptapolicy involving reciprocal exchange of technology licence with other innovative firms in their industry.

No description available.

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Economics, June 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (LL.M.)--University of Toronto, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-234).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Utah State University, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-84).

No description available.

Wool production in this country has decreased greatly in the face of constantly increasing demands for wool. The decrease has taken place largely since World War II. Wool is a very essential product to a nation during war time. Therefore it is necessary that the decline in production be stopped if possible.