Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-106). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Colorado State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-106). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1995. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-106). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-149).

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out with controlled burning and with seedling growth correlated to soil chemical changes. The surface of soil blocks from three sites of the Coastal Western Hemlock Zone were burned at two intensities and planted separately with seeds of Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western redcedar. Growth data were recorded periodically and dry weights of the seedling crops were obtained to determine treatment differences. The burning procedure showed the insulating and cooling effects of the vaporizing soil moisture. The burning slightly increased germination of Douglas-fir and western hemlock, generally promoted fungal population, and initiated different chemical changes in the soil on each site. Dry matter production, for all species combined, varied with treatment for each site in the following decreasing order: Swordfern site - severely burned, moderately burned, unburned control; Moss site - unburned control, moderately burned, severely burned; Salal site - moderately burned, unburned control, severely burned. Comparisons of dry matter production on control blocks with that in nature indicated that the removal of blocks from the natural environment had significantly changed the original conditions. In consequence, new artificial sites were created. Consistent evidence of the rhizosphere effect was produced on soil pH by seedlings, especially by Douglas-fir. Dormancy was successfully broken in all plants and there was evidence of different responses in photo-periodism with each species. The highest dry matter production was directly related to increased soil pH, to increased partial cation saturation, and to increased concentration of available phosphorus but to a decreased cation exchange capacity. Cation exchange capacity was inversely related to the availability of nutrients. Decrease of cation exchange capacity proved to be a beneficial effect of fire. In this experiment, where the ash was not supplied as usual in a slash burn, the increased base saturation resulted from the decreased cation exchange capacity. As compared with field samples in August 1959, total nitrogen was lower in all blocks in June 1960. Nitrogen increased in the following year in all variants of the Swordfern site and somewhat in unburned control blocks of the Moss and Salal sites. The Swordfern site benefited from burning by accelerated mineralization, which substituted for the deprived seepage. Fire caused the least damage to this habitat. The Moss site suffered heavily by burning, which reduced humus, the main source of nutrition. The unburned blocks were benefited by fast decomposition of humus in the greenhouse. The Salal site's thick raw humus benefited from moderate burn, which removed part of the humus and acted as a fertilizer on the remainder. Severe burning was most harmful on this site by the destruction of the large part of humus. Rich soils, usually with seepage water, are less damaged by fire than poor soils with strong drainage. It is mainly because in rich soils organic matter is at least partly incorporated into the mineral horizon and acts readily after fire especially for nitrogen supply. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Through the use of standards the fire-control problem can be divided into its many phases, and specifications set for its solution. Fire-control standards fall into two classes, (1) the overall fire-control objective, and (2) standards to be met in attaining that objective. The former, or primary standards, serve to keep the various phases of fire-control at the most economically justifiable level. The latter, or secondary standards, ensure that all fire-control efforts conform with the primary standards. A full schedule of fire-control standards is presented. A system for assessing presuppression and suppression, first presented in 1932, was revised and elaborated for application as a current secondary standard. The principal feature of this system is that certain specifications must be met by the many phases of presuppression and prevention efforts before a numerical rating indicating adequacy is obtained. A different scale of rating should be set up for each fire-control unit, depending on the purposes of forest management and the nature of the fire hazard. Fire-control standards were analyzed from a theoretical point of view and a new primary standard, called the actuarial standard, was developed. Data from three Ranger Districts on Vancouver Island were studied through the actuarial assessment of past fire-control costs and damage, past fire danger, and expected trends. It was found that the actuarial standard was the only one of the three major standards that provided an adequate analysis of the fire-control problem on a given area and produced realistic results. A new secondary standard, called the local incentive standard is also presented. This standard relies on the value of enthusiasm and personal incentive in obtaining good results from fire-control employees. Dealing with burned area, this standard establishes the allowable annual burn by decreasing the past average burned area by 10 per cent each year. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

by Yau Mei-sze. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-141). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / List of Tables --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.v / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Fire as an ecological factor in Hong Kong --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual framework of the study --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of the study --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.12 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- STUDY AREA / Chapter 2.1 --- Location --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- Climate --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Geology --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4 --- Soil --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5 --- Vegetation --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- EFFECTS OF HILL FIRE ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Soil reaction --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Mineral nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate nitrogen) --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Total phosphorus --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Available phosphorus --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- "Exchangeable K, Na, Ca and Mg" --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Exchangeable A1 and H --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Organic carbon --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Carbon : nitrogen ratio --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.30 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effects of fire on soil chemical properties --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Soil acidity --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Nutrient cations --- p.32 / Chapter 3.4.1.3 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and mineral N --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.1.4 --- Soil organic matter and C:N ratio --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.1.5 --- Total and available phosphorus --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Seasonal changes of soil chemical properties after fire --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Soil pH and exchangeable acidity --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Nutrient cations --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and mineral N --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.2.4 --- Soil organic matter --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.2.5 --- Total and available phosphorus --- p.38 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.38 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effects of fire on soil chemical properties --- p.38 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Immediate effects of fire on soil acidity --- p.38 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- "Immediate effects of fire on organic matter, N and P" --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5.1.3 --- Immediate effects of fire on cation nutrients --- p.41 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Seasonal changes of soil chemical properties after fire --- p.42 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Seasonal changes of soil acidity after fire --- p.42 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Seasonal changes of nutrients after fire --- p.43 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Overall fertility of the fire-affected soil --- p.44 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.46 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- NITROGEN MINERALIZATION AFTER FIRE / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- In situ incubation --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Determination of N mineralization, leaching and uptake" --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Seasonal variations of nh4-N and no3-N --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- "Net ammonification, leaching and uptake" --- p.57 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- "Net nitrification, leaching and uptake" --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.59 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Post-fire ammonification --- p.59 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Post-fire nitrification --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Net nitrogen mineralization of the burnt soil --- p.65 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.68 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- EFFECTS OF LIME AND PHOSPHORUS ON THE MINERALIZATION OF NEW BURNT SOIL / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Sampling of soil --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Lime treatment --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Phosphorus treatment --- p.74 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Combined lime and phosphate treatment --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 5.4 --- Results --- p.75 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Chemical properties of the unamended soil --- p.75 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Lime treatment --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4.2.1 --- Effect of lime on nh4-N production --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4.2.2 --- Effect of lime on no3-N production --- p.78 / Chapter 5.4.2.3 --- Effect of lime on PO4 production --- p.78 / Chapter 5.4.2.4 --- Effect of lime on exchangeable A1 --- p.78 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Phosphorus treatment --- p.79 / Chapter 5.4.3.1 --- Effect of phosphorus on NH4-N production --- p.79 / Chapter 5.4.3.2 --- Effect of phosphorus on NO3-N production --- p.80 / Chapter 5.4.3.3 --- Effect of phosphorus on PO4 production --- p.80 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Combined lime x P amendment and mineralization of N and P --- p.81 / Chapter 5.4.4.1 --- Effect of lime x P on nh4-N production --- p.81 / Chapter 5.4.4.2 --- Effect of lime x P on NO3-N production --- p.83 / Chapter 5.4.4.3 --- Effect of lime x P on po4 production --- p.83 / Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion --- p.83 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Effect of soil acidity on ammonification --- p.83 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Effect of soil acidity on nitrification --- p.88 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Effect of lime on the mineralization of P --- p.89 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Effect of combined lime x P on the mineralization of N and P --- p.89 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.90 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- VEGETATION REGENERATION AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION AFTER FIRE / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.92 / Chapter 6.2 --- Methodology --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Vegetation regeneration analysis --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Chemical analysis --- p.96 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.97 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Vegetation regeneration --- p.97 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Nutrient composition of regenerated species --- p.100 / Chapter 6.3.2.1 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen --- p.100 / Chapter 6.3.2.2 --- Total phosphorus --- p.101 / Chapter 6.3.2.3 --- Potassium --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3.2.4 --- Calcium --- p.103 / Chapter 6.3.2.5 --- Magnesium --- p.104 / Chapter 6.3.2.6 --- Sodium --- p.105 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.106 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Vegetation regeneration after fire --- p.106 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Nutrient composition of regenerated species --- p.108 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Recovery and erosion control --- p.112 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.112 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.114 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implications of the study --- p.118 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Is hill fire hazardous or beneficial to the local environment? --- p.118 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Mechanisms to conserve nutrients in a fire-prone environment --- p.121 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Natural regeneration or reforestation? --- p.122 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.123 / Chapter 7.4 --- Suggestion for future study --- p.126 / REFERENCES --- p.130

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2002. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-190). Also available online.