The conflict in the Pacific Northwest between competing visions of how federal forests should be managed resulted in a political stalemate in the early 1990s. The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) was initiated to resolve the demands for maintaining ecosystem processes and biological diversity with the social and economic needs for timber harvest. The foundation for the plan rested with the development of ecosystem management. The intent of this research is to explore the events which led up to the adoption of the NWFP, how it was implemented by the US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management and the subsequent reactions to and consequences of the plan. The primary research consisted of thirty-eight semi-structured interviews with individuals responsible for the development of the initial plan, those tasked with implementing the plan and current federal agency personnel from the land management agencies and regulatory agencies. With the use of thematic analysis, key meanings were captured as expressed by the interviewees. The data was analyzed using institutional theory, capturing the organizational relations within the organizational field of the land management agencies. Research findings suggest that the NWFP was unsuccessful in meeting the goal of addressing the social and economic issues as well as the goals for ecosystem management. This dissertation explores the organizational practices and cultural meanings that led to the final instantiation of the plan. It seeks to shed light on the reasons why these goals were not met and how future forest plans can move beyond the current stalemate between conservation and preservation.

Orientador: Cristiana Simão Seixas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T06:11:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Islas_CamilaAlvez_M.pdf: 6133137 bytes, checksum: ebdb2978dff83f18d49a9a85333257f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Nesta dissertação investiguei o Conhecimento Ecológico Tradicional (CET) sobre a fauna silvestre em uma comunidade Caiçara, localizada dentro de uma Unidade de Conservação (UC) de proteção integral, para gerar informações para o manejo de fauna dentro da reserva e em Unidades de Conservação brasileiras, incorporando princípios das abordagens de Manejo de Base Ecossistêmica e Ecossystem Stewardship. Este estudo foi realizado na comunidade da Praia do Sono, situada dentro da Reserva Ecológica Estadual da Juatinga (REEJ), no município de Paraty, RJ, que atualmente passa por um processo de recategorização para adequar-se à legislação federal, o que pode modificar a relação das comunidades com os recursos de subsistência, como os animais silvestres. Além disso, teorias e abordagens de manejo de recursos naturais poderão ser incorporadas ao novo plano de manejo. Para a coleta de dados realizei quatro conjuntos de entrevistas: i) entrevista semiestruturada, com 39 unidades familiares da Praia do Sono, para investigação dos usos, interações negativas e conservação da fauna na comunidade; ii) entrevista estruturada, com 7 informantes-chave da comunidade, para correlação entre os nomes populares e científicos iii) entrevista semiestruturada, com 4 informantes-chave da comunidade, para investigação do CET sobre biologia da fauna silvestre; e iv) entrevista semiestruturada, com 10 funcionários da REEJ, para compreender sua visão sobre a gestão de recursos na reserva. Utilizei também conversas não planejadas e observação direta. Na comunidade da Praia do Sono, os animais silvestres são utilizados principalmente como alimento, mas também como remédio e estimação. As interações negativas são motivadas por prejuízos que ocorrem na agricultura, na criação de animais domésticos, à saúde e por lazer. Após análise dos dados, os animais apontados como relevantes para o manejo da reserva, devido a suas características cinegéticas, seu potencial de gerar interações negativas ou por suas flutuações populacionais, são os mamíferos: paca (Cuniculus paca), cutia (Dasyprocta leporina), gambá (Didelphis sp.), tatu (Dasypus sp.), coati (Nasua nasua), veado (Mazama americana), porco-do-mato (Pecari tajacu), macaco-prego (Sapajus nigritus) e jaguatirica (Leopardus sp.); as aves: jacu (Penelope obscura), macuco (Tinamus solitarius), e tucano (Ramphastos sp.); e o réptil lagarto-teiú (Tupinambis merianae). Ainda, foram encontrados apetrechos, técnicas e regras de Caça Caiçara que devem, especialmente, serem considerados na gestão da Reserva. O CET encontrado é bastante robusto e possui potencial para ser utilizado no manejo da UC, pois contém uma gama valiosa de informações sobre os animais silvestres. Nesse contexto, o uso da abordagem Manejo de Base Ecossistêmica para a elaboração de um plano de manejo pode trazer benefícios para a REEJ e para outras UCs brasileiras, devido a proposta de integração do CET as informações técnico-científicas e a visão sistêmica da abordagem. A estratégia Ecosystem Stewardship complementa a abordagem de Manejo de Base Ecossistêmica ao propor uma gestão "de baixo para cima", na qual os usuários dos recursos seriam os maiores responsáveis pelo seu cuidado e garantia de sua sustentabilidade. Afinal, as interações entre a população humana local e a fauna vem se modificando, apresentando distintas formas de compreender a conservação. Ao reconhecer que as populações tradicionais necessitam utilizar os recursos naturais para viabilizarem sua existência serão encontrados usos e interações negativas danosas aos ecossistemas, mas também soluções para o manejo desses recursos. É na construção junto as comunidades que é possível encontrar respostas para a conservação, e o Conhecimento Ecológico Tradicional mostrou-se um valioso aliado nessa caminhada / Abstract: Here I have investigated the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) on wild animals in a Caiçara community, located within a full protected area (PA), to generate information for the wildlife management in the reserve and in Brazilian protected areas, incorporating principles of Ecosystem-based Management and Ecosystem Stewardship approaches. This study was conducted in Praia do Sono¿s community, located within the Juatinga State Ecological Reserve (JSER) in Paraty municipality, Rio de Janeiro state, which is currently undergoing a re-categorization process to adapt to federal legislation, which may modify the relationship of communities with subsistence resources like wild animals. In addition, theories and management approaches to natural resources could be incorporated into the new management plan. For data collection I conducted four groups of interviews: i) semi-structured with 39 Caiçara family¿s units, to investigate uses, negative interactions and conservation of fauna in the community; ii) structured interviews, with seven key informants of the community, for correlation between popular and scientific names; iii) semi-structured interviews with four key informants of the community, to investigate TEK on biology of wildlife; and iv) semi-structured interviews with 10 JSER employees, to understand their view on resource management in the Reserve. I also used unplanned conversations and direct observation. In Praia do Sono¿s community, wild animals are mainly used as food sources, but also as medicine and pets. Negative interactions occur motivated by losses in agriculture and animal husbandry, as well due to fear of attack and leisure. After analyzing the data, the animals identified as relevant to the management of the Reserve, due to their hunting characteristics, their potential to generate negative interactions or its population fluctuations are the mammals paca (Cuniculus paca), agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), opossum (Didelphis sp.), armadillo (Dasypus sp.), coati (Nasua nasua), brocket deer (Mazama americana), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus) and ocelot (Leopardus sp.); the birds: dusky-legged guan (Penelope obscura), solitary tinamou (Tinamus solitarius), and toucan (Ramphastos sp.); and the reptile: lizard-tegu (Tupinambis merianae). Still, Caiçara¿s hunting traps, techniques and rules were found and should especially be considered in the management of the reserve. The TEK found is robust and has potential to be used in the management of PAs because it contains a valuable range of information about the wildlife. In this context, the use of the Ecosystem Based Management approach for the development of a management plan can benefit the JSER and other Brazilian PAs due to the proposal of integration between TEK and technical and scientific knowledge and the systemic view of the approach. The Ecosystem Stewardship strategy complements Ecosystem-based Management approach whit its proposal of a "bottom-up" management, in which resource users are the most responsible for resource care and its sustainability ensuring. After all, interactions between local human population and fauna has been changing, with different ways of understanding conservation. Recognizing that traditional populations need to use natural resources to ensure their survival will highlight damaging uses and and negative interactions harmful to ecosystems, but may also be found solutions for manage resources. It is in the building with the communities that you can find answers for conservation, and the Traditional Ecological Knowledge proved to be a valuable ally in this journey / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestra em Ecologia

Over the past half century, the USDA Forest Service has increasingly faced diverse and often competing demands for forest resources, ranging from recreation, to ecosystem services, and timber supply. Building positive community-agency relationships has become increasingly important. Such relationships can improve community support for forest planning and management activities, ultimately making the agency more efficient and effective, while also providing economic and social benefit to local communities. The development of social capital may play an important role in promoting positive agency-community relationships. Broadly defined, the term refers to the social networks between individuals and groups that create a willingness and ability to act collectively toward a common goal. This study focuses on the impact that a partnership between the Colville National Forest and Northeast Washington Forestry Coalition has had on rural Northeast Washington communities. Overall, our study suggests the partnership has positively impacted networks among community members and networks between the community and the Forest Service. However, there is room for improvement. Many study participants were not familiar with important details about the Coalition's membership and objectives, or how its work may impact them or their community. Targeted outreach efforts will likely lead to greater support for the partnership. Such efforts could also strengthen networks among community members and community-agency networks as individuals learn how the partnership can benefit them and issues they care about. / Graduation date: 2012

The survey has been carried out in North West Province within Rustenburg Local Municipality. This is an Urban Forestry research in which six sites including peri-urban, urban, suburban and semi-rural areas were selected for the study. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between households and their local trees and forests. Forest in this context included community gardens, vegetation cover, open spaces, soil, water, productive sites and animals that form part of forest. Data collection was mainly based on questionnaires and covered sample of 272 households. Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) 15.0 using 5% sampling intensity (confidence level) was used in which the data has been represented by numbers. Analysis was based on determining households’ relationship with their trees and local forest, and how they influence forest productivity or development. With SPSS two techniques, regression model and descriptive statistics were applied to analyze quantitative and qualitative data. Regression model was significant in prediction of the dependent variable (Y) using independent variables (X), and proved to be a good model to analyze data for fuelwood, timber and forest food production. Descriptive statistics was important in counting number of times each category or variable is used. Participants had varying perceptions regarding the use of forest due to factors such as availability of forest resource, type of residence, and their living standard. Generally, households in suburban and urban areas value the forests for economic and environmental benefit, while the peri-urban and semi-rural households utilized their trees and forest to meet their energy demand. A large number of households consume forest food as compared to timber and fuelwood due to the availability of the resources. The Municipality as a whole is undergoing rapid development expected to continue throughout years. These developments are stimulated by mining activities and influx of people in the area. All these factors threaten the existing natural resources especially forest areas and water. Areas of these resources are declining due to the current demand for housing, new mining sites and continuous establishment of informal settlements. Trees and forest within peri-urban and semi-rural areas are in poor conditions as compared to urban and suburban areas. Poor waste management and poverty are issues aggravating the situation especially in poor developing sites that have been studied. Most agricultural sites have been transformed into residential areas, and thus exacerbating problems of food insecurity in the whole country. Household size has major influence in fuelwood, timber and forest food production as an increase or decrease in the size will determine the amount of consumption, production or development. Value for forest, access to forest, level of interaction and restrictions regarding the use of forest are also significant aspects contributing to forest productivity and development as they show the relationship that exists between forest and households. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.