The Woodford Shale formation is currently an important unconventional gas resource that extends across parts of the mid-continent of the United States. A resource shale acts as source, seal, and reservoir, and its characterization is vital to successful exploitation and production of hydrocarbons. This work is a surface seismic observation and investigation of the seismic anisotropy present in the Woodford Shale formation in the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma. One of the main causes of anisotropy here is commonly believed to be vertical natural fractures (HTI) and horizontal alignment of clay minerals (VTI). Understanding the natural fracture orientation and density, as well as regional stress orientation, is important to the development of hydraulic fracturing programs in shales, such as the Woodford, producing natural gas. Dipole sonic log measurements in vertical boreholes suggest that the Woodford does possess vertical transverse isotropy (VTI), due possibly to horizontal layering or aligned clay minerals. Further, the borehole logs do not indicate horizontal transverse isotropy (HTI) associated with fracturing in the Woodford interval. An amplitude varying with angle and azimuth (AVAZ) analysis was applied to 3-D surface seismic data in the Anadarko Basin and shows the dipole sonic logs may not be completely characterizing the anisotropy observed in the Woodford. Once this apparent contradiction was discovered, additional work to characterize the fractures in the formation was undertaken. A petrophysical model based on the borehole data of the Woodford Shale was created, combining various techniques to simulate the rock properties and behavior. With a more complete rock physics model, a full stiffness tensor for the rock was obtained. From this model, synthetic seismic data were generated to compare to the field data. Furthermore, analytic equations were developed to relate crack density to AVAZ response. Currently, the application of this AVAZ method shows fracture orientation and relative variations in fracture density over the survey area. This work shows a direction for a quantified fracture density because the synthetic seismic data has a quantified fracture density at its basis. This allowed for a relationship to be established between explicit fracture parameters (such as fracture density) and AVAZ results and subsequently may be used to create regional descriptions of fracture and/or stress orientation and density. / text

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-15T16:40:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Kehl de Souza.pdf: 8811133 bytes, checksum: 60e926db27cbf5fa1c6577c32be6adfa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T16:40:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Kehl de Souza.pdf: 8811133 bytes, checksum: 60e926db27cbf5fa1c6577c32be6adfa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FAPERGS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Petrobras - Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / Este estudo desenvolveu um método para a obtenção da orientação espacial de estruturas geológicas planares com a utilização da técnica Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR), especificamente com o Laser Scanner Terrestre. A área de estudo localiza-se na Incopel- pedreira de basalto, no município de Estância Velha, estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo cobriu levantamento de campo com as determinações das atitudes de planos utilizando bússola e clinômetro e o imageamento digital utilizando a técnica LIDAR. Três métodos foram utilizados para computar os planos selecionados na nuvem de pontos, sendo eles: Três pontos, Regressão Planar e Momento de Inércia. A eficiência dos métodos utilizados foi avaliada pelos métodos tradicionais de medidas (bússola e clinômetro). O método de Três Pontos é simples e fácil para computar a orientação de planos, contudo, não possui ferramentas de análise de qualidade. O método de Regressão Planar é efetivo para medir a orientação de planos e possui ferramenta de análise de grau de ajuste ao plano calculado. O método de Análise de Momento de Inércia, além de apresentar menores diferenças em relação aos métodos tradicionais, apresenta análise de grau de ajuste e análise da confiabilidade com relação aos planos computados, provando ser uma ferramenta eficiente para o processamento da orientação de planos a partir de pontos. Palavras-chave: LIDAR. Formação Serra Geral. Orientação de fraturas. Três Pontos. Análise de Momento de Inércia. Regressão Planar. / This study aimed to build a model to survey geological planar structures geometries by using Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) technique, specifically with the Terrestrial Laser Scanner. The area chosen for the survey and application of the proposed method is located at Incopel basalt quarry, in the town of Estância Velha, State of Rio Grande do Sul. The study covered a field survey with the determinations of planes attitude using compass and clinometer and digital images using LIDAR. Three methods were used to compute the selected planes in the point cloud, namely: Three Points, Planar Regression, and Moment of Inertia analysis. The methods were evaluated and compared to traditional methods of measurement (compass and clinometer). The Three Point method is quick and simple to measure planar geological structures orientation; however, it does not have any tool for quality analysis. The Planar Regression method proves to be effective in calculating the orientation of planes and features a tool for analyzing the degree of fit to the calculated plane. The Moment of Inertia presents minor measurement differences compared to traditional methods, and provides degree of fit and reliability analysis to the calculated plane, proving to be an efficient tool for processing the orientation of planes from points.