Submitted by JOSÉ ALBERTO DE OLIVEIRA null (allberto_oliveira@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-31T22:04:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - José Alberto de Oliveira (versão final).pdf: 6551312 bytes, checksum: 7dd566d1b98b52a7ee394607476cf4ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-11-13T12:21:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ja_me_guara.pdf: 6551312 bytes, checksum: 7dd566d1b98b52a7ee394607476cf4ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T12:21:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ja_me_guara.pdf: 6551312 bytes, checksum: 7dd566d1b98b52a7ee394607476cf4ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-04 / A morfologia de superfícies de fratura contém informações importantes do processo de fratura, tais como, o tipo de carregamento e a energia envolvida. Neste contexto, a fractografia quantitativa é uma ferramenta que permite caracterizar superfícies de fratura de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. O objetivo foi avaliar a sensibilidade da dimensão fractal na caracterização de diferentes micromecanismos de fratura, e correlacionar com a energia envolvida no processo de fratura, foram reproduzidas três condições de tratamento térmico do aço SAE 4340, visando obter micromecanismos de fratura característicos da ruptura dúctil e frágil. As superfícies de fratura foram geradas pelo ensaio de impacto charpy, ASTM A370, a temperatura ambiente. Com isso, através do método de reconstrução por extensão de foco na microscopia óptica, as superfícies de fratura foram reconstruídas, como resultado, foram obtidos mapas topográficos do relevo. A caracterização quantitativa da topografia foi realizada por meio da dimensão fractal, utilizando a abordagem monofractal, auto-similaridade, e bifractal que é calcada no conceito da auto-afinidade. As três condições de tratamento térmico foram eficazes, produzindo micromecanismos de fratura característicos da fratura dúctil, isto é, predominância de microvazios e da fratura frágil com predominância de clivagem. A abordagem monofractal se mostrou sensível a mudança de morfologia da superfície de fratura, no entanto, a sensibilidade foi pequena para morfologias similares, ou seja, na distinção entre quasi-clivagem e clivagem. Por outro lado, na abordagem bifractal a sensibilidade da dimensão fractal textural foi mais expressiva, evidenciando a diferença entre quasi-clivagem e clivagem. / The fracture surface morphology contains important information about the fracture process, such as the type of loading and the energy involved. In this context, quantitative fractography is a tool that allows qualitative and quantitative characterization of fracture surfaces. In order to evaluate the sensitivity of the fractal dimension in the characterization of different fracture micromechanisms and to correlate with the energy involved in the fracture process, three thermal treatment conditions of the steel SAE 4340 were reproduced in order to obtain fracture micromechanisms characteristic of the ductile and fragile fracture. The fracture surfaces were generated by the charpy impact test, ASTM A370, at room temperature. Thus, through the method of reconstruction by extension of focus in optical microscopy, the fracture surfaces were reconstructed, as a result, topographic maps of the relief were obtained. The quantitative characterization of the topography was performed through the fractal dimension, using the monofractal, self-similarity, and bifractal approach that is based on the concept of self-affinity. The three heat treatment conditions were effective, producing fracture micromechanisms characteristic of the ductile fracture, that is, predominance of microvoids and fragile fracture with predominance of cleavage. The monofractal approach was shown to be sensitive to change in fracture morphology, however, sensitivity was small for similar morphologies, in the distinction between quasi-cleavage and cleavage. On the other hand, in the bifractal approach the sensitivity of the fractal textural dimension was more expressive, evidencing the difference between quasi-cleavage and cleavage.

O uso das ligas de alumínio em aplicações estruturais tem crescido consideravelmente nas últimas décadas. Nos transportes, a baixa massa específica do alumínio resulta em uma alta razão resistência/ peso, favorecendo a fabricação de aviões, trens e automóveis. Com a crescente preocupação em reduzir a emissão de gases poluentes, vem tornando-se promissora a alternativa de reduzir o peso dos veículos substituindo peças convencionalmente produzidas com outros materiais por peças de alumínio. As ligas tratáveis termicamente da série 6xxx são frequentemente escolhidas para estas aplicações. Assim, para que o emprego dessas ligas seja otimizado, é importante um estudo mais detalhado de suas propriedades mecânicas, principalmente sob solicitações cíclicas. Neste trabalho foram estudadas ligas de Al-Si-Mg que são amplamente utilizadas nas indústrias automotivas, em especial na fabricação de componentes de carroçarias para caminhões e ônibus. Foi realizado o estudo do comportamento em fadiga de baixo ciclo e fadiga multiaxial das ligas AA6005 T6, AA6063 T6 e AA6351 T6, fornecidas pela CBA (Companhia Brasileira de Alumínio) visando caracterizar e comparar essas ligas em sua microestrutura, propriedades de tração e fadiga. As propriedades básicas de fadiga foram determinadas por meio do método ε-N (fadiga de baixo ciclo) e os ensaios foram realizados com controle de deformação total, onda triangular e taxa de deformação 0,005 seg-1. As análises dos laços de histerese elasto-plástica permitiram inferir sobre aspectos microestruturais relacionados às propriedades mecânicas das ligas estudadas. O comportamento em fadiga multiaxial foi avaliado por meio de carregamentos combinados axial-torcional em fase e fora de fase. Para ajustar os dados experimentais obtidos, foram testados alguns dos modelos encontrados na literatura. Os cálculos baseados no modelo de plano crítico, proposto por Fatemi e Socie, apresentaram resultados satisfatórios. Também foram realizadas análises microestruturais e fractográficas para as três ligas. As superfícies de fratura dos ensaios de fadiga multiaxial mostraram resultados diferentes de acordo com o carregamento adotado. A avaliação comparativa das três ligas estudadas fornece subsídios para fundamentar a seleção de materiais para a fabricação de componentes estruturais para o setor automotivo. / The use of aluminum alloys in structural applications has grown considerably in recent decades. In transportation, the low density of aluminum results in a high strength-to weight ratio, proving attractive for production of aircrafts, trains and automobiles. With a growing concern for the reduction of pollutant gas emissions, aluminum alloys are becoming a promising alternative to diminish vehicle weight through the replacement of conventionally produced parts made from other heavier materials for aluminum parts. The heat treatable alloys from the 6xxx series are often chosen for these applications. Therefore, to optimize the employment of these alloys, a detailed study of their mechanical properties, primary under cyclic solicitations is necessary For the present study Al-Mg-Si alloys were chosen, which are widely used in automotive industries, particularly in the manufacturing of components for trucks and bus bodies. The low-cycle fatigue behavior and multiaxial fatigue of the three following aluminum alloys: AA6005 T6, AA6063 T6 and AA6351 T6, provided by CBA (Brazilian Aluminum Company), were assessed, with the aim of characterizing and comparing these alloys in their microstructure, tensile properties and fatigue. The basic properties of fatigue were studied by ε-N method (low cycle fatigue) and the experiments were performed with total strain control, triangular waveform and with a constant deformation rate of 5.0x10-3 s-1. The analyses of hysteresis loops elasto-plastic provided insight about microstructural aspects, related to mechanical properties of the studied alloys. Multiaxial fatigue behavior was assessed in combined axial-torsion loading in phase and out of phase. To adjust the experimental data, some models found in the literature were tested. Calculations based on critical plane model, proposed by Fatemi Socie, presented satisfactory results. Furthermore, microstructure analyses and fractography were performed for these three alloys. The fracture surface of multiaxial fatigue assays demonstrated different results according to the adopted loading. Comparative evaluation of the three studied alloys provides support for the selection of materials for manufacturing structural components of the automotive sector.

L’industrie pétrolière s’intéresse aujourd’hui à la possibilité de remplacer certaines brasures par des joints adhésifs rendus conducteurs par leur fort taux de charges conductrices dans les outils électroniques. Ces outils évoluent aujourd’hui à des hauts niveaux de température et de pression pendant leur vie en service. L’utilisation de joints adhésifs pose donc automatiquement la question de leur fiabilité à long terme. L’étude de leur tenue en fatigue, et de l’influence du vieillissement sur cette tenue en fatigue devient nécessaire pour le déploiement final de ces joints. Cette thèse se propose de répondre à une double question : la prédiction de la durée de vie de deux colles commerciales dans les outils électroniques et l’influence du vieillissement de ces colles sur cette prédiction. Deux vieillissements différents ont été mis en œuvre : un vieillissement à l’air libre et un vieillissement inerte (sous argon) confiné.Dans un premier temps, une caractérisation expérimentale du comportement viscoélastique des colles a été menée. Elle met en particulier l’accent sur les non-linéarités induites par les deux paramètres de chargements retenus que sont le cisaillement et la pression hydrostatique.Dans un deuxième temps, une étude plus fine de la microstructure a été effectuée numériquement. Une série d’hypothèses de modélisation a été faite. Les résultats de ces calculs - plutôt qualitatifs - permettent de dégager les tendances sur l’influence de la présence des charges conductrices sur la réponse macroscopique du joint adhésif.Enfin, la tenue en fatigue des joints et sa dépendance à leur vieillissement a été abordée expérimentalement. L’influence de l’atmosphère et du confinement pendant le vieillissement sur l’évolution de la tenue en fatigue a été mise en évidence pour les deux colles étudiées dans cette thèse. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de proposer des lois de fatigue dont certains paramètres dépendent du vieillissement. / The substitution of soldering by electrically conductive adhesive bonding in electronic assemblies is of growing interest in the oil-and-gas industry. These electronic assemblies should nowadays work at high temperature and pressure levels during their service lives. The question of the long-term reliability of adhesive bonding becomes in this context a critical issue. The study of the fatigue strength of adhesive joints as well as the influence of ageing on this strength is therefore crucial for the final deployment of adhesive bonding. This work aims at addressing this fatigue lifetime prediction for two different commercial adhesives in electronic tools, and studying the influence of ageing on the lifetime prediction. Two types of ageing were implemented: an open-air ageing and a confined inert ageing (under Argon).An experimental characterization of the viscoelastic behavior of the two adhesive joints was first carried out. In particular, the non-linearities due to each of the loading parameter (simple shear and hydrostatic pressure) were highlighted and modeled.The microstructural heterogeneity brought by the metallic conductive fillers was then numerically studied. The numerical model introduces several approximations that make the results qualitative, but they highlight the influence of the fillers on the global macroscopic behavior of the adhesive joint.The question of the fatigue strength of adhesive joints and its evolution with ageing is finally experimentally addressed. The influence of the atmosphere and confinement of ageing on the lifetime prediction is clearly noticed for the two joints studied in this work. Fatigue criteria with some of the parameters evolving this ageing are proposed to fit the results experimentally obtained.

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Les alliages de titane β-métastables comme le Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al se substituent progressivement aux alliages α/β dans les applications aéronautiques du fait de leur résistance spécifique améliorée. Leurs microstructures d'emploi sont cependant complexes et multi-échelles, constituées d'une matrice β (de grains millimétriques) partiellement transformée en nodules primaires αp (micrométriques) et en lamelles secondaires αs (sub-micrométriques). Les propriétés finales peuvent être très sensibles aux variations locales de microstructures et sont souvent non maîtrisées lors du forgeage de pièces massives. De plus la matrice β qui représente ~40% du volume et qui a un comportement élastique et plastique fortement anisotrope, comme la phase α, complique la compréhension des mécanismes de déformation en jeu. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en œuvre des techniques de caractérisation multi-échelles (la diffraction des neutrons, l'imagerie électronique couplée à l'analyse d'image et l'EBSD, la reconstruction des microtextures de haute température β/αp) pour analyser efficacement la microstructure/texture des constituants β/αp/αs et caractériser leurs hétérogénéités au sein de demi-produits et de pièces obtenues par matriçage. Les résultats permettent d'analyser la fragmentation des grains β en sous-grains, les macrozones αp, le maintien de relation d'orientation entre β/αp et l'organisation des lamelles αs en colonies ou paniers tressés, en pointant les différences de taille de domaines révélés par la cristallographie et l'imagerie standard. Le second objectif est d'appliquer cette méthodologie à l'analyse de facies de rupture d'éprouvettes présentant un comportement singulier (en traction ou en fatigue) pour caractériser les configurations microstructurales à l'origine de l'amorçage de fissures. Cette analyse a principalement été réalisée par polissage manuel du faciès couplé à des acquisitions EBSD mais également en exploitant le potentiel de l'imagerie 3D par MEB-FIB (Focus Ion Beam) et la technique TKD (Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction) sur lame mince prélevée au niveau d'un site d'amorçage par FIB. Enfin, cette étude expérimentale a été complétée par une première approche en simulation micromécanique sur une microstructure modèle 100% β. L'objectif était d'évaluer l'influence de l’anisotropie élastique de la phase β sur la genèse de contraintes d'incompatibilités dans les régimes élastique et élasto-plastique. L'ensemble des résultats contribue à une meilleure compréhension des variations de propriétés mécaniques en lien avec la microstructure locale / The β-metastable titanium alloys such as Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al are gradually replacing α/β alloys in aeronautical applications thanks to their improved specific strength. However, their microstructures are complex and multi-scale, consisting of a β matrix (of millimetric grains) partially transformed into primary αp nodules (micrometric) and secondary αs lamellae (sub-micrometric). The final mechanical properties are very sensitive to local variations of the microstructure, which are not always fully controlled during forging of massive parts. Moreover, the β matrix, which represent 40% of the volume and whose elastic and plastic behavior is strongly anisotropic (like the α phase) complicates the understanding of the mechanisms of deformation. The first objective of this thesis was to efficiently characterize the microstructure/texture of the different constituents (β/αp/αs) and their heterogeneities within half-finished products and forged parts by using techniques of multi-scale characterization (neutron diffraction, electronic imaging coupled with image analysis and EBSD, reconstruction of high temperature microtextures β/αp). As a result the fragmentation of the β grains into subgrains, the αp macrozones, the destruction of the orientation relation between β/αp and the organization of the αs lamellae in colonies or basket weave was quantified and the differences in size of domains revealed by crystallography and by standard imaging were pointed out. The second objective is to apply this methodology to the analysis of fracture surfaces of samples exhibiting singular behavior (in tension or in fatigue) in order to characterize the microstructural configurations leading to early cracking. This analysis was mainly performed by manual polishing coupled with EBSD acquisitions but also by using 3D imaging by SEM-FIB (Focus Ion Beam) and TKD (Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction) technique on a thin foil FIB-extracted from the crack initiation site. Finally, this experimental study was completed by a micromechanical simulation on a 100% β model microstructure. The objective was to evaluate the influence of the elastic anisotropy of the β phase on the genesis of incompatibility stresses in the elastic and elasto-plastic regimes. The overall results contribute to a better understanding of the variations of mechanical properties related to the local microstructure

One of prominent issues related to failures in nuclear power components is attributed to material degradation due the aggressive environment conditions, and mechanical stresses. For instance, reactor core support components, such as fuel claddings, are under prolonged exposure to an intense neutron field from the fission of fuel and operate at elevated temperature under fatigue loadings caused by start up, shut down, and unscheduled emergency shut down. Additionally, exposure to highluence neutron radiation can lead to microscopic defects that result in material hardening and embrittlement, which significantly affects the physical and mechanical properties of the materials, resulting in further reduction in fatigue life of reactor structural components. The effects of fatigue damage on material deterioration can be further exacerbated by the presence of thermal loading, hold-time, and high-temperature water coolant environments. In this study, uniaxial fatigue models were used to predict fatigue behavior based only on simple monotonic properties including ultimate tensile strength and Brinell hardness. Two existing models, the Bäumel Seeger uniform material law and the Roessle Fatemi hardness method, were employed and extended to include the effects of test temperature, neutron irradiation fluence, irradiation induced helium and irradiation induced swellings on fatigue life of austenitic stainless steels. Furthermore, a methodology to estimate fatigue crack length using a strip-yield based model is presented. This methodology is also extended to address the effect of creep deformation in a presence of hold- times, and expanded to include the effects of irradiation and water environment. Reasonable fatigue life predictions and crack growth estimations are obtained for irradiated austenitic stainless steels types 304, 304L, and 316, when compared to the experimental data available in the literature. Lastly, a failure analysis methodology of a mixer unit shaft made of AISI 304 stainless steel is also presented using a conventional 14-step failure analysis approach. The primary mode of failure is identified to be intergranular stress cracking at the heat affected zones. A means of circumventing this type of failure in the future is presented.

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