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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Characterisation of some fractured-rock aquifers in Limpopo province, South Africa : review and case study

Dippenaar, Matthys Alois 13 October 2009 (has links)
This dissertation collates all available data from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry’s (DWAF’s) National Groundwater Database (NGDB), DWAF’s Groundwater Resource Information Project (GRIP) and tests conducted during the progress of this project in order to evaluate Basement aquifers. The project was commenced at the request of the Water Research Commission (WRC), situated in Pretoria, South Africa. The study area (Limpopo and Luvuvhu-Letaba Water Management Areas, WMA1 and WMA2 respectively) is underlain by fractured, crystalline Basement terrain. The influences of structures (i.e. joints, faults and shear zones) and the neotectonic stress conditions were also studied to address the influence on groundwater flow and occurrence. The aim of the project was to address the determination of the aquifer parameters (essentially transmissivity and sustainable yield) in Basement terrane. Pumping test data was used and analysed via the Flow Characteristic Programme (Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of Free State). The methods of Logan (1964), Theis (1935), Cooper-Jacob (1946) and Birsoy-Summers (1980) were applied for comparative purposes. Statistically, all four methods supplied results within the same order of magnitude, with Theis and Cooper-Jacob correlating extremely well. Results from the Logan and Birsoy-Summers methods correlated very well too, but the T-values calculated via Logan’s method were almost double those obtained from the step-drawdown data analysed via the Birsoy-Summers method. The combined results adhered to a developed model-setting-scenario approach where each borehole can be evaluated based on three parameters. Firstly, the model refers to the potential water-bearing and/or water-barring features. In the study area, it was found that water predominates in the Hout River Shear Zone, and that the neotectonic stress fields have little influence on determining the orientation of favourable water-bearing structures. Geological contacts often resulted in higher yielding boreholes than geological structures. Secondly, the setting refers to the climatic and tectonic setting of the site. This determines the recharge and the orientation of structures. Based on this, supposedly closed structures (due to prevailing neotectonic stress fields) often supplied higher yielding boreholes than the supposedly open structures. Rainfall and climate however had little influence on the results. Finally, the scenario ranks a borehole in terms of high, intermediate or low transmissivity and subsequently potential yield. High T-values typically exceeded 100 m2/d whereas low T-values were generally below 5 m2/d. Significantly low yielding boreholes therefore formed part of the Low T Scenario, and high yielding boreholes of the High T Scenario. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Geology / unrestricted
12

Caractérisation et modélisation du fonctionnement hydrodynamique d'un aquifère fracturé en zone de socle : cas de la région de Dimbokro-Bongouanou (Centre Est de la Côte d'Ivoire) / Characterization and hydrodynamic modeling of an fractured aquifer in basement area : the case of the Dimbokro-Bongouanou region (Center-East of Côte d'Ivoire)

Koita, Mahamadou 13 July 2010 (has links)
Dans la région de Dimbokro-Bongouanou (Centre Est de la Côte d'Ivoire), l'alimentation en eau des populations se fait essentiellement au moyen de puits et forages. Ceux-ci ont été implantés dans les aquifères du socle au cours des différentes campagnes d'hydraulique villageoise mises en place dans ce secteur. L'analyse du taux de réussite et de la productivité de ces forages montre que leur implantation n'a pas toujours été optimale. Afin d'optimiser l'implantation de nouveaux forages, il semble donc nécessaire et primordial de caractériser l'hydrodynamique du socle fracturé. A cette fin, la présente étude procède d'abord à une caractérisation géologique puis hydrogéologique de la région de Dimbokro-Bongouanou. Ensuite, sont élaborés des modèles conceptuels géologiques et hydrogéologiques, qui décrivent la structure de l'aquifère et précisent les propriétés hydrodynamiques de ses différentes couches composites. Ces modèles géologiques et hydrogéologiques permettent de simuler numériquement l'écoulement régional. La caractérisation géologique de la région de Dimbokro-Bongouanou est basée sur une description des différentes formations géologiques de la région ; des hypothèses sur leur mise en place et les cycles d'érosion et d'altération qu'elles ont subis ; et une cartographie des discontinuités régionales par photo-interprétation d'image Radar rehaussée par la technique de filtrages adaptatifs. Les discontinuités identifiées sur l'image rehaussée sont validées à partir d'informations géologiques (données de fracturation mesurées à l'affleurement et données de fracturation relevées sur carte géologique).La caractérisation hydrogéologique de la région de Dimbokro-Bongouanou est basée sur la description des aquifères de la région et l'identification du rôle des discontinuités régionales dans les écoulements souterrains. La technique proposée à cet effet consiste à analyser les corrélations entre le débit des forages et leur distance au linéament le plus proche.Il est ainsi constaté que le débit des forages est inversement proportionnel à la distance à la discontinuité la plus proche. En d'autres termes, plus le forage est proche d'une discontinuité régionale, plus son débit est important. L'interprétation des lithologs, des données géologiques à l'affleurement et des données de résistivités électriques permet de proposer un modèle conceptuel géologique représentatif du profil d'altération type pour chaque domaine géologique de la région. En particulier, le modèle proposé décrit la structuration verticale du profil d'altération pour les trois principales formations géologiques de la région: les granites, les métasédiments et les métavolcanites. La caractérisation de la structure de l'aquifère permet ensuite de proposer un modèle conceptuel hydrogéologique pour chacun des profils d'altération basé sur l'analyse statistique des arrivées d'eau et de l'interprétation des données d'essais par pompage de différents forages. Cela permet d'identifier pour chaque formation les profondeurs de fréquence, de densité et de débit des arrivées d'eau ainsi que les couches du profil associées aux zones de conductivité et de productivité (débit spécifique) élevées.L'ensemble de ces informations géologiques et hydrogéologiques permet de proposer une modélisation conceptuelle de l'hydrosystème étudié (une partie du Bassin du NZI,environ 6300km2) ainsi qu'une modélisation numériques de l'écoulement, celle-ci servant de base à une réflexion sur la pertinence de l'information disponible et d'une modélisation discrète dans ce type d'environnement au vu des objectifs affichés (modèle de gestion et d'aide à la décision pour l'implantation de nouveaux forages). / The hydraulic characterization of fractured basement in Dimbokro-Bongouanou region, Côte d'Ivoire, is an essential step to achieve an optimization of new well locations, in terms of success rates and productivity.To this end, this study first proposes conceptual models of weathering profile for the three main geological formations of the region: granites, metasediments and metavolcanic rocks. Based on in-situ observations, interpretations of lithology and cycles of erosion and alteration, the typical weathering profiles are proposed for each type geological. These are formed from top to bottom of layers alloterite, isalterite, fissured and fractured fresh basement. The fissured layer shows the maximum density of fractures in the metavolcanic rocks and métasédiments, while the fractured fresh basement concentrates the highest density of fractures in granites. Moreover, interpretation of data from pumping tests conducted in various hydraulic programs indicate that the productivity of wells is not proportional to the depth due to variation, at region scale of the thickness of the fissured layer and fractured fresh basement which totalize the maximum of water arrivals. The spatial variation of hydraulic conductivity and productivity (specific rate) is influenced by the thickness of the fissured layer, alloterite layer of the weathering profile and topography. The regional fractures of the fractured fresh basement are also areas of high productivity, as evidenced by the negative correlation between rate of productive wells and distance to these fractures. A methodology of regional fractures mapping from the use of a Radar image and hydrogeological data is suggested.All of these geological and hydrogeological informations are finally integrated into a flow model and the simulated groundwater levels are compared with measured piezometric. It thus appears that the values of hydraulic conductivities deduced from pumping tests are 103 times lower than those that reproduce the regional flow. In addition, a dual approach (equivalent continuum for alterite layer and fissured layer vs. discrete fracture of the base) confirms the role of accidents in the regional flows.
13

Caracterização geoelétrica na região de Bebedouro-SP por meio de sondagens eletromagnéticas no domínio do tempo (TDEM) / Geoelectrical characterization in Bebedouro-SP region using Time-Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) method

Almeida, Emerson Rodrigo 24 March 2011 (has links)
O método Eletromagnético no Domínio do Tempo (TDEM) vem sendo amplamente empregado ao redor do mundo para estudos de hidrogeologia, devido à sua grande profundidade de investigação e à sensibilidade do método na detecção de camadas condutivas. No Brasil sua aplicação ainda é incipiente, havendo poucos estudos publicados. A presente pesquisa empregou o método TDEM sobre rochas da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná, na região de Bebedouro (SP). Esta região vem apresentando a ocorrência de surtos de sismos desde o ano de 2005, os quais podem estar sendo induzidos por poços profundos perfurados para exploração de água subterrânea. Na região de estudo existem duas áreas de atividade sísmica: a área de Andes e a área de Botafogo. A pesquisa teve como objetivos mapear a estratigrafia geoelétrica destas áreas, com ênfase no mapeamento da camada de basaltos e das eventuais zonas de fraturas com água em seu interior a fim de contribuir com os estudos sobre a origem das atividades sísmicas na região de Bebedouro. Foram adquiridas e modeladas 86 sondagens TDEM em adquiridas em sete etapas de campo ocorridas durante os anos de 2007, 2008 e 2010. Nos trabalhos de campo de 2010 foram adquiridas ainda um conjunto de 46 SEVs a fim de mapear o nível dágua no aqüífero sedimentar raso e contribuir para a melhoria dos modelos geoelétricos provenientes dos dados TDEM. As sondagens TDEM permitiram mapear zonas fraturadas saturadas no interior da camada de basalto da Formação Serra Geral que coincidem com a profundidade estimada para os hipocentros dos tremores na região de estudos (Assumpção et al., 2010), bem como permitiram detectar o contato da base do basalto com o arenito saturado da Formação Botucatu (Aqüífero Guarani). Algumas sondagens indicaram a presença de estruturas 2D nas áreas sísmicas, sobretudo próximo aos poços de grande vazão na região de Andes. Estas estruturas foram modeladas como degraus no topo da camada de basalto, mostrando variações bruscas na interface do basalto com as rochas da Formação Adamantina. A análise dos dados adquiridos em anos diferentes sugere que as zonas de fraturas no interior do basalto sejam muito localizadas e que o caráter migratório da concentração de eventos sísmicos observado na região pode estar associado à redução do volume de água que preenche algumas das zonas fraturadas do basalto. Os dados TDEM foram comparados com outros dados geofísicos, tais como sísmica de refração e perfilagem térmica. A interpretação integrada desses resultados deu suporte para o modelo geoelétrico elaborado para a região de estudos, o qual apresenta uma boa concordância com as informações litológicas de poços. / The Time-Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) method has been widely employed worldwide for hydrogeological studies, due to its great depth investigation and its sensibility in conductive layers detection. In Brazil, the TDEM method is not very used, with few published studies. This research used TDEM method at Paraná sedimentary basin, in Bebedouro region (SP). This region has been showing the occurrence of seismic activity since 2005, which may be induced by deep wells drilled for groundwater exploration. In the study region there are two seismic activity areas: Andes (Area A) and Botafogo (Area B). The research has as objectives to map the geoelectrical stratigraphy in these areas, with emphasis on the mapping of the basalt layer and the possible fractured water-filled zones within the basalt layer in order to contribute with the studies about the origin of seismic activities in Bebedouro region. An amount of 86 TDEM soundings were acquired along seven field campaigns occurred during 2007, 2008 and 2010. During the campaigns in 2010, an amount of 46 VES were also acquired, aiming the mapping of the water table in the sedimentary aquifer and contributing to improve TDEM geoelectric models. The TDEM soundings allowed the mapping of the fractured zones within the basalt layer of the Serra Geral Formation, which matches to the depth estimated for quakes hypocenter in the studied region (Assumpção et al., 2010), and also allowed the detection of the contact between the basalt layer base and the saturated sandstone of Botucatu Formation (Guarani Aquifer). Some soundings showed the presence of 2D structures in seismic areas, especially next to wells with high flow of groundwater in Andes area. These structures were modeled as steps on the top of the basalt layer, showing abrupt variations between the basalt and the sediments of Adamantina Formation. The analysis of data acquired in different years suggest that the fractured zones filled with water within the basalt layer are very well located and that the migratory behavior of seismic events may be related to a reduction in the water volume that fills the fractures in basalt. TDEM data were compared with other geophysical data, such as refraction seismic and thermal profiling. The integration of these results gave support to the geoelectrical model developed for the studied region, which presents a good agreement with the lithological information from wells.
14

Modelo conceitual de fluxo do Aquitarde Serra Geral e do Sistema Aquífero Guarani na região de Ribeirão Preto, SP / Conceptual flow model for the Serra Geral aquitard and the Guarani Aquifer system in Ribeirão Preto, SP

Wahnfried, Ingo Daniel 23 June 2010 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como principais objetivos testar a existência de drenança através do aquífero fraturado Serra Geral (ASG) para o Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG), estabelecer o modelo conceitual de fluxo destes aquíferos, e determinar seus parâmetros hidráulicos, em local onde o ASG possui ao redor de 100 m de espessura. O local escolhido fica aproximadamente 9 km a sul da cidade de Ribeirão Preto, SP. O estudo fez parte de um projeto de pesquisa mais amplo denominado FRATASG, do Instituto Geológico (Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo). Os métodos geofísicos de superfície caminhamento elétrico (CE), sondagem elétrica vertical (SEV) e levantamento áudio-magnetotelúrico de fonte controlada (CSAMT) foram usados com o intuito de localizar zonas hidraulicamente ativas no basalto, e determinar a espessura e profundidade das camadas geológicas, para a locação de três poços perfurados no ASG. Ao lado de um poço de produção já existente no SAG (Poço Esmeralda - PE), foram construídos dois piezômetros com aberturas no ASG e SAG. Descontinuidades planares verticais no basalto, associados a lineamentos, foram detectadas em metade dos CEs e das seções realizadas com o método CSAMT, sendo que uma destas seções indicou continuidade de duas fraturas entre SAG e ASG. Para realizar testes hidráulicos e coletar amostras em profundidades discretas no ASG, foram construídos obturadores pneumáticos, baseados em modelos produzidos pelo Serviço Geológico Americano (USGS), que foram adaptados a equipamentos existentes no Brasil. Neste trabalho é feita descrição dos equipamentos, de suas aplicações, dos levantamentos prévios necessários para seu uso, os procedimentos de campo e as interpretações de alguns tipos de ensaio e coletas de amostras. Com o intuito de calcular os parâmetros hidráulicos do SAG e do ASG, foram realizados um teste de bombeamento de 171 horas no poço de produção do SAG, com monitoramento nos piezômetros, e testes hidráulicos em intervalos discretos em um poço do ASG (Poço Limeira - PL), isolados com os obturadores pneumáticos. Durante todos os ensaios de bombeamento, e em mais dois poços já existentes, abertos no ASG, foram coletadas amostras para análise hidroquímicas e, em amostras selecionadas, dos isótopos ³H, ²H, \'ANTPOT.18 O\', \'ANTPOT.13 C\' e \'ANTPOT.14 C\'. No SAG, o rebaixamento registrado nos dois piezômetros permitiu identificar a existência de anisotropia neste aquífero, com relação entre transmissividade máxima (\'T IND.máx\' = \'T IND.x\' =160 m²/d) e mínima (\'T IND.mín.\' = \'T IND.y\' = 103 m²/d) é de 1,55, sua condutividade hidráulica (K = 4,6x\'10 POT.-1\' m/d e 7,0x\'10 POR.-1\' m/d), e armazenamento (S = 1,6x\'10 POT.-3\' e 8,4x\'10 POT.-4\', sempre para os piezômetros PPE-1G e PPE-2G respectivamente, localizados em direções distintas em relação ao PE). A anisotropia provavelmente é causada pelos planos de sedimentação das dunas eólicas da Formação Botucatu. Também foram realizados dois testes com traçadores no PE, com injeção no SAG e no ASG e coleta no SAG, que permitiu a obtenção da porosidade efetiva do SAG no local, entre 18,8 e 20,3%. No ASG, os testes hidráulicos permitiram a identificação das zonas mais transmissivas, sempre formadas por fraturas sub-horizontais. A transmissividade (T) de intervalos reduzidos variou entre 5x\'10 POT.-2\' a 3x\'10 POT.-1\' m2/d, e a existência de comportamento análogo ao de dupla porosidade no basalto, causado pela presença de vesículas e fraturas sub-verticais associadas às fraturas subhorizontais. As análises químicas mostram uma evolução com a profundidade, com o aumento de Na+K. Isto permitiu uma clara diferenciação entre as amostras coletadas em profundidades rasa, de 16 m, intermediária, de 25 m, e profunda, coletada a 55 m. O mesmo agrupamento é encontrado nos isótopos estáveis, e os radioativos indicam idade maior nas águas mais profundas do ASG. As amostras do SAG se assemelham mais às águas rasas do ASG, hidroquimica- e isotopicamente. Os resultados mostram pouca ou nenhuma conectividade entre SAG e ASG, e uma circulação preferencial rasa e horizontal dentro do ASG. / The main objectives of the present thesis were to test the existence of leakage through the fractured Serra Geral Aquifer (SGA) to the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS), create a conceptual flow model for both aquifers, and obtain their hydraulic parameters, at a location where the SGA-forming basalt has 100 m thickness. The chosen area is 9 km to the south of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. The study is part of a research project called FRATASG, from the Geological Institute (São Paulo Environmental Secretariat). Surface geophysical methods (vertical electrical sounding, electric resistivity survey and controlled source audiomagnetotelluric survey - CSAMT) were used to locate fractures in the basalt that are possibly hydraulically active, and also to determine the contact depths between overburden, basalt, and the eolian sandstones that form the GAS. Vertical low electric-resistivity planar features were identified in the basalt, at locations were lineaments were described, in half of the electric resistivity and CSAMT surveys, and one of the latter showed continuity of the feature down to the GAS. This was interpreted as possible water bearing fractures, and was used to define the location of three wells in the SGA. Two piezometers were also drilled, open to both SGA and GAS, close to an existing production well in the GAS (Esmeralda Well - PE). To collect discrete depth samples in the SGA, a pneumatic packer system was built, based on models used by the USGS, adapting equipment that is available in Brazil. The system, as well as other equipment used, the procedures and interpretation of the hydraulic tests and sample collection at discrete depths, are described. A 171 hour long pumping test was executed in the GAS, where anisotropy was identified, probably caused by the sedimentary layering present in the eolic dunes in the sandstone. The highest transmissivity, \'T IND.max\' = \'T IND.x\', is 160 m²/d, and the lowest transmissivity, \'T IND.min\' = \'T IND.y\', is 103 m²/d. The correlation between Tmax / Tmin is 1,55. Hydraulic conductivity (K) is 4,6x\'10 POT.-1\' m/d and 7,0x\'10 POT.-1\' m/d, and storativity (S) is 1,6x\'10 POT.-3\' and 8,4x\'10 POT.-4\', determined respectively at piezometers PPE-1G and PPE-2G, located at different directions from PE. Dye-tracer tests were also conducted, with injection in GAS and SGA, and collection in the GAS. The effective porosity was determined, ranging from 18,8 to 20,3%. Several hydraulic tests were done in discrete depths in the SGA, in one well. The transmissivity (T) of small intervals ranges between 5x\'10 POT.-2\' and 3x\'10 POT.-1\' m²/d. The highest T of individual features is always associated to sub-horizontal fractures. The drawdown curve showed double porosity behavior in the basalt, caused by vesicules and sub-vertical fractures connected to the sub-horizontal ones. Water samples were collected during all pumping tests, in the GAS, in two open wells in the SGA and in discrete zones in this aquifer, for hydrochemical analysis. Stable and radioactive isotope analysis (³H, ²H, \' ANTPOT.18 O\', \'ANTPOT.13 C\' and \' ANTPOT.14 C\') were done with selected samples, both from GAS and ASG. The fractured aquifer shows and hydrochemical evolution with depth, with Na+K increase. Samples can thus be grouped as shallow (around 16 m depth), intermediate (around 25 m) and deep (around 55 m). The same groups are found in the stable isotope results, whereas the radioactive show an age increase with depth. Samples from GAS are isotopically and hydrochemically closer to the shallow waters from the SGA. It can thus be concluded that the connection between both aquifers is very limited, or not present, and water flow in the SGA is mostly horizontal and shallow.
15

Modelo conceitual de fluxo do Aquitarde Serra Geral e do Sistema Aquífero Guarani na região de Ribeirão Preto, SP / Conceptual flow model for the Serra Geral aquitard and the Guarani Aquifer system in Ribeirão Preto, SP

Ingo Daniel Wahnfried 23 June 2010 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como principais objetivos testar a existência de drenança através do aquífero fraturado Serra Geral (ASG) para o Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG), estabelecer o modelo conceitual de fluxo destes aquíferos, e determinar seus parâmetros hidráulicos, em local onde o ASG possui ao redor de 100 m de espessura. O local escolhido fica aproximadamente 9 km a sul da cidade de Ribeirão Preto, SP. O estudo fez parte de um projeto de pesquisa mais amplo denominado FRATASG, do Instituto Geológico (Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo). Os métodos geofísicos de superfície caminhamento elétrico (CE), sondagem elétrica vertical (SEV) e levantamento áudio-magnetotelúrico de fonte controlada (CSAMT) foram usados com o intuito de localizar zonas hidraulicamente ativas no basalto, e determinar a espessura e profundidade das camadas geológicas, para a locação de três poços perfurados no ASG. Ao lado de um poço de produção já existente no SAG (Poço Esmeralda - PE), foram construídos dois piezômetros com aberturas no ASG e SAG. Descontinuidades planares verticais no basalto, associados a lineamentos, foram detectadas em metade dos CEs e das seções realizadas com o método CSAMT, sendo que uma destas seções indicou continuidade de duas fraturas entre SAG e ASG. Para realizar testes hidráulicos e coletar amostras em profundidades discretas no ASG, foram construídos obturadores pneumáticos, baseados em modelos produzidos pelo Serviço Geológico Americano (USGS), que foram adaptados a equipamentos existentes no Brasil. Neste trabalho é feita descrição dos equipamentos, de suas aplicações, dos levantamentos prévios necessários para seu uso, os procedimentos de campo e as interpretações de alguns tipos de ensaio e coletas de amostras. Com o intuito de calcular os parâmetros hidráulicos do SAG e do ASG, foram realizados um teste de bombeamento de 171 horas no poço de produção do SAG, com monitoramento nos piezômetros, e testes hidráulicos em intervalos discretos em um poço do ASG (Poço Limeira - PL), isolados com os obturadores pneumáticos. Durante todos os ensaios de bombeamento, e em mais dois poços já existentes, abertos no ASG, foram coletadas amostras para análise hidroquímicas e, em amostras selecionadas, dos isótopos ³H, ²H, \'ANTPOT.18 O\', \'ANTPOT.13 C\' e \'ANTPOT.14 C\'. No SAG, o rebaixamento registrado nos dois piezômetros permitiu identificar a existência de anisotropia neste aquífero, com relação entre transmissividade máxima (\'T IND.máx\' = \'T IND.x\' =160 m²/d) e mínima (\'T IND.mín.\' = \'T IND.y\' = 103 m²/d) é de 1,55, sua condutividade hidráulica (K = 4,6x\'10 POT.-1\' m/d e 7,0x\'10 POR.-1\' m/d), e armazenamento (S = 1,6x\'10 POT.-3\' e 8,4x\'10 POT.-4\', sempre para os piezômetros PPE-1G e PPE-2G respectivamente, localizados em direções distintas em relação ao PE). A anisotropia provavelmente é causada pelos planos de sedimentação das dunas eólicas da Formação Botucatu. Também foram realizados dois testes com traçadores no PE, com injeção no SAG e no ASG e coleta no SAG, que permitiu a obtenção da porosidade efetiva do SAG no local, entre 18,8 e 20,3%. No ASG, os testes hidráulicos permitiram a identificação das zonas mais transmissivas, sempre formadas por fraturas sub-horizontais. A transmissividade (T) de intervalos reduzidos variou entre 5x\'10 POT.-2\' a 3x\'10 POT.-1\' m2/d, e a existência de comportamento análogo ao de dupla porosidade no basalto, causado pela presença de vesículas e fraturas sub-verticais associadas às fraturas subhorizontais. As análises químicas mostram uma evolução com a profundidade, com o aumento de Na+K. Isto permitiu uma clara diferenciação entre as amostras coletadas em profundidades rasa, de 16 m, intermediária, de 25 m, e profunda, coletada a 55 m. O mesmo agrupamento é encontrado nos isótopos estáveis, e os radioativos indicam idade maior nas águas mais profundas do ASG. As amostras do SAG se assemelham mais às águas rasas do ASG, hidroquimica- e isotopicamente. Os resultados mostram pouca ou nenhuma conectividade entre SAG e ASG, e uma circulação preferencial rasa e horizontal dentro do ASG. / The main objectives of the present thesis were to test the existence of leakage through the fractured Serra Geral Aquifer (SGA) to the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS), create a conceptual flow model for both aquifers, and obtain their hydraulic parameters, at a location where the SGA-forming basalt has 100 m thickness. The chosen area is 9 km to the south of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. The study is part of a research project called FRATASG, from the Geological Institute (São Paulo Environmental Secretariat). Surface geophysical methods (vertical electrical sounding, electric resistivity survey and controlled source audiomagnetotelluric survey - CSAMT) were used to locate fractures in the basalt that are possibly hydraulically active, and also to determine the contact depths between overburden, basalt, and the eolian sandstones that form the GAS. Vertical low electric-resistivity planar features were identified in the basalt, at locations were lineaments were described, in half of the electric resistivity and CSAMT surveys, and one of the latter showed continuity of the feature down to the GAS. This was interpreted as possible water bearing fractures, and was used to define the location of three wells in the SGA. Two piezometers were also drilled, open to both SGA and GAS, close to an existing production well in the GAS (Esmeralda Well - PE). To collect discrete depth samples in the SGA, a pneumatic packer system was built, based on models used by the USGS, adapting equipment that is available in Brazil. The system, as well as other equipment used, the procedures and interpretation of the hydraulic tests and sample collection at discrete depths, are described. A 171 hour long pumping test was executed in the GAS, where anisotropy was identified, probably caused by the sedimentary layering present in the eolic dunes in the sandstone. The highest transmissivity, \'T IND.max\' = \'T IND.x\', is 160 m²/d, and the lowest transmissivity, \'T IND.min\' = \'T IND.y\', is 103 m²/d. The correlation between Tmax / Tmin is 1,55. Hydraulic conductivity (K) is 4,6x\'10 POT.-1\' m/d and 7,0x\'10 POT.-1\' m/d, and storativity (S) is 1,6x\'10 POT.-3\' and 8,4x\'10 POT.-4\', determined respectively at piezometers PPE-1G and PPE-2G, located at different directions from PE. Dye-tracer tests were also conducted, with injection in GAS and SGA, and collection in the GAS. The effective porosity was determined, ranging from 18,8 to 20,3%. Several hydraulic tests were done in discrete depths in the SGA, in one well. The transmissivity (T) of small intervals ranges between 5x\'10 POT.-2\' and 3x\'10 POT.-1\' m²/d. The highest T of individual features is always associated to sub-horizontal fractures. The drawdown curve showed double porosity behavior in the basalt, caused by vesicules and sub-vertical fractures connected to the sub-horizontal ones. Water samples were collected during all pumping tests, in the GAS, in two open wells in the SGA and in discrete zones in this aquifer, for hydrochemical analysis. Stable and radioactive isotope analysis (³H, ²H, \' ANTPOT.18 O\', \'ANTPOT.13 C\' and \' ANTPOT.14 C\') were done with selected samples, both from GAS and ASG. The fractured aquifer shows and hydrochemical evolution with depth, with Na+K increase. Samples can thus be grouped as shallow (around 16 m depth), intermediate (around 25 m) and deep (around 55 m). The same groups are found in the stable isotope results, whereas the radioactive show an age increase with depth. Samples from GAS are isotopically and hydrochemically closer to the shallow waters from the SGA. It can thus be concluded that the connection between both aquifers is very limited, or not present, and water flow in the SGA is mostly horizontal and shallow.
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Caracterização geoelétrica na região de Bebedouro-SP por meio de sondagens eletromagnéticas no domínio do tempo (TDEM) / Geoelectrical characterization in Bebedouro-SP region using Time-Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) method

Emerson Rodrigo Almeida 24 March 2011 (has links)
O método Eletromagnético no Domínio do Tempo (TDEM) vem sendo amplamente empregado ao redor do mundo para estudos de hidrogeologia, devido à sua grande profundidade de investigação e à sensibilidade do método na detecção de camadas condutivas. No Brasil sua aplicação ainda é incipiente, havendo poucos estudos publicados. A presente pesquisa empregou o método TDEM sobre rochas da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná, na região de Bebedouro (SP). Esta região vem apresentando a ocorrência de surtos de sismos desde o ano de 2005, os quais podem estar sendo induzidos por poços profundos perfurados para exploração de água subterrânea. Na região de estudo existem duas áreas de atividade sísmica: a área de Andes e a área de Botafogo. A pesquisa teve como objetivos mapear a estratigrafia geoelétrica destas áreas, com ênfase no mapeamento da camada de basaltos e das eventuais zonas de fraturas com água em seu interior a fim de contribuir com os estudos sobre a origem das atividades sísmicas na região de Bebedouro. Foram adquiridas e modeladas 86 sondagens TDEM em adquiridas em sete etapas de campo ocorridas durante os anos de 2007, 2008 e 2010. Nos trabalhos de campo de 2010 foram adquiridas ainda um conjunto de 46 SEVs a fim de mapear o nível dágua no aqüífero sedimentar raso e contribuir para a melhoria dos modelos geoelétricos provenientes dos dados TDEM. As sondagens TDEM permitiram mapear zonas fraturadas saturadas no interior da camada de basalto da Formação Serra Geral que coincidem com a profundidade estimada para os hipocentros dos tremores na região de estudos (Assumpção et al., 2010), bem como permitiram detectar o contato da base do basalto com o arenito saturado da Formação Botucatu (Aqüífero Guarani). Algumas sondagens indicaram a presença de estruturas 2D nas áreas sísmicas, sobretudo próximo aos poços de grande vazão na região de Andes. Estas estruturas foram modeladas como degraus no topo da camada de basalto, mostrando variações bruscas na interface do basalto com as rochas da Formação Adamantina. A análise dos dados adquiridos em anos diferentes sugere que as zonas de fraturas no interior do basalto sejam muito localizadas e que o caráter migratório da concentração de eventos sísmicos observado na região pode estar associado à redução do volume de água que preenche algumas das zonas fraturadas do basalto. Os dados TDEM foram comparados com outros dados geofísicos, tais como sísmica de refração e perfilagem térmica. A interpretação integrada desses resultados deu suporte para o modelo geoelétrico elaborado para a região de estudos, o qual apresenta uma boa concordância com as informações litológicas de poços. / The Time-Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) method has been widely employed worldwide for hydrogeological studies, due to its great depth investigation and its sensibility in conductive layers detection. In Brazil, the TDEM method is not very used, with few published studies. This research used TDEM method at Paraná sedimentary basin, in Bebedouro region (SP). This region has been showing the occurrence of seismic activity since 2005, which may be induced by deep wells drilled for groundwater exploration. In the study region there are two seismic activity areas: Andes (Area A) and Botafogo (Area B). The research has as objectives to map the geoelectrical stratigraphy in these areas, with emphasis on the mapping of the basalt layer and the possible fractured water-filled zones within the basalt layer in order to contribute with the studies about the origin of seismic activities in Bebedouro region. An amount of 86 TDEM soundings were acquired along seven field campaigns occurred during 2007, 2008 and 2010. During the campaigns in 2010, an amount of 46 VES were also acquired, aiming the mapping of the water table in the sedimentary aquifer and contributing to improve TDEM geoelectric models. The TDEM soundings allowed the mapping of the fractured zones within the basalt layer of the Serra Geral Formation, which matches to the depth estimated for quakes hypocenter in the studied region (Assumpção et al., 2010), and also allowed the detection of the contact between the basalt layer base and the saturated sandstone of Botucatu Formation (Guarani Aquifer). Some soundings showed the presence of 2D structures in seismic areas, especially next to wells with high flow of groundwater in Andes area. These structures were modeled as steps on the top of the basalt layer, showing abrupt variations between the basalt and the sediments of Adamantina Formation. The analysis of data acquired in different years suggest that the fractured zones filled with water within the basalt layer are very well located and that the migratory behavior of seismic events may be related to a reduction in the water volume that fills the fractures in basalt. TDEM data were compared with other geophysical data, such as refraction seismic and thermal profiling. The integration of these results gave support to the geoelectrical model developed for the studied region, which presents a good agreement with the lithological information from wells.
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Modelagem hidrogeoquímica das águas minerais do Parque Salutaris, Paraíba do Sul, RJ

Cruz, Ingrid Fernandes Dias da 27 September 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-09-27T17:56:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ingrid_Dias_Dissertacao_2016.pdf: 5728921 bytes, checksum: 2dfdfccf03dc2610f225c77cfbfd84d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T17:56:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ingrid_Dias_Dissertacao_2016.pdf: 5728921 bytes, checksum: 2dfdfccf03dc2610f225c77cfbfd84d5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências - Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / As águas minerais do Parque Salutaris no município de Paraíba do Sul, região centro-sul do estado do Rio de Janeiro, consistem em um recurso explorado para consumo humano desde 1887. Essas águas são provenientes de aquíferos fissurais com litologias variadas, tais como gnaisse, granulito e diabásio que lhes conferem características hidroquímicas excepcionais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi compreender os processos geoquímicos responsáveis pela mineralização das águas subterrâneas do Parque Salutaris e identificar possíveis riscos quanto ao consumo dessa água pela população. Para tanto, dentro do parque, foi realizado um monitoramento das águas minerais durante 10 meses, a partir de 3 poços tubulares que captam as águas, nas fontes de distribuição dessas águas e em uma cava que acumula água subterrânea dentro de uma gruta. Também foram realizadas amostragens no rio Paraíba do Sul e em uma nascente a montante do parque, como medidas de background. Foram realizadas medidas físico-químicas “in situ” e análises laboratoriais dos íons maiores Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, SO4, HCO3, constituintes menores e traços Al, Mn, Fe, e F, dos nutrientes, SiO2, N-NO2, N-NO3 e P-PO4, de coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Para os materiais geológicos considerados produtos do intemperismo na região foram realizadas análises mineralógicas por DRX da fração argila e comparadas com a modelagem das espécies minerais, disponíveis em água através do PHREEQC. Os tipos hidroquímicos das águas foram: águas bicarbonatada sódica na gruta, bicarbonatada sódica a mista para o poço Nilo Peçanha, bicarbonatada mista no poço Alexandre Abraão e bicarbonatada magnesiana a mista no poço Maria Rita. Verificou-se que as concentrações dos íons dissolvidos teriam origens principais a partir do intemperismo químico de minerais como micas, feldspatos, piroxênio e plagioclásio, presentes no embasamento gnáissico e granulítico. A modelagem hidrogeoquímica permitiu identificar que as espécies minerais carbonáticas tendem ao equilíbrio, enquanto os argilominerais e óxidos de ferro tendem a saturação. Os minerais secundários, identificados através do DRX, estão de acordo com a modelagem no PHREEQC, sendo encontrados principalmente a caulinita, gibbsita, goethita, calcita e clorita no material geológico. Também foram confirmadas que concentrações dissolvidas do flúor e manganês possuem origens naturais. Não foi identificado contaminação por efluentes nos poços de captação das águas minerais. A pesquisa considerou a ingestão de flúor e manganês das águas minerais por receptores residenciais na avaliação de risco a saúde humana, sendo constatado que bebês e infantes podem estar submetidos a riscos crônicos no que tange o desenvolvimento de fluorose dentária. / The mineral waters of Salutaris Park, located at the south-central part of Rio de Janeiro State, are exploited for human consumption since 1887. Those waters come from fractured aquifers as gneiss, granulite and diabase, yielding a variety of hydrogeochemical features. The aim of this study was to understand the geochemical processes responsible for the groundwater mineralization of Salutaris Park and identify the possible risks for human health through the population consumption of those waters. The monitoring of mineral waters was carried out in 3 wells and their respective sources of distribution, besides an ancient pit lake located in cave, inside the park. In order to considerate background measures for the mineral waters, were also collected samples from the Paraíba do Sul River and a spring in upstream of the park. The physicochemical parameters were directly measured in the field. In laboratory, were carried out the measures of major ions Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, SO4, HCO3, minor and traces constituents as Al, Mn, Fe and F, nutrients, SiO2, N- NO2, N-NO3, P-PO4 and total and fecal coliforms. The mineralogical characterization of the geological materials were performed by DRX of the clay fraction, which was posterior compared to the mineral species indicated by the PHREEQC hydrogeochemical modeling, through the measure of the minerals saturation indexes. Three different hydrochemical water types were identified in the studied area, namely: 1) sodium bicarbonate type from the pit lake; 2) sodium and mixed bicarbonate types from the Nilo Peçanha well; 3) mixed bicarbonate type from Alexandre Abraão well and 4) magnesium bicarbonate and mixed types from Maria Rita well. It is noticed that the increase of the dissolved concentrations is due to the weathering processes of primary minerals, mainly micaceous minerals, K-feldspar, pyroxene and plagioclase, which are the main constituents of the regional rocks (gneisses and granulites). The hydrogeochemical modeling identified the carbonate species are in equilibrium with those waters, while the clay minerals and iron oxides trend to be supersaturated. The secondary minerals, estimated by the DRX, are in according to the PHREEQC modeling, identifying mainly kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite, calcite and chlorite. Based on the results, there was no identification of anthropogenic impacts by effluents in the minerals waters wells. The fluoride and manganese have natural sources, although they present concentrations above of the standard potability. For that reason, in order to the accomplishment of a risk assessment for the mineral waters consumption, considering the fluoride and manganese intake by human beings, it was found that the babies and infants may be subjected to chronic risks of dental fluorosis development.
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Caractérisation des hot spots de réactivité biogéochimique dans les eaux souterraines / Characterization of biogeochemical reactivity hot spots in groundwater

Bochet, Olivier 08 December 2017 (has links)
Les processus microbiens ont une importance déterminante dans la dynamique des processus réactifs dans les eaux souterraines. La compréhension de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de ces phénomènes, et le développement de méthodes expérimentales de terrain, ouvrent de nouveaux champs de recherches et d'applications allant de la remédiation des aquifères contaminés à la compréhension des grands cycles biogéochimiques naturels. Dans le premier volet de cette thèse nous présentons des observations de terrain permettant de comprendre le rôle des fractures sur la formation d'un ''hotspot'' d'activité microbienne en profondeur. Du fait de leur forte réactivité, ces ''hotspots'' peuvent dominer la dynamique biogéochimique des milieux souterrains, malgré leur faible extension spatiale. Nous avons ainsi analyser les conditions de formation d'un tapis microbien par des bactéries ferro-oxydantes à 60 mètres de profondeur sur l'observatoire de Ploemeur (réseau H+) alors que ces phénomènes ont été observé jusqu'à présent en surface. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que des circulations hétérogènes, liées à la structure des milieux fracturés, créent des zones mélanges entre des eaux riches en fer et des eaux oxygénées, à l'origine de ce hotspot microbien. Le deuxième volet de ce travail de thèse a été consacré au développement d'une méthode innovante pour la mesure en continu de l'activité microbienne dans les eaux souterraines. La méthode est basée sur l'utilisation de la Fluoréscéine DiAcétate (FDA) dont le produit de réaction peut être mesuré en continu par un fluorimètre de terrain. Après avoir testé et validé les protocoles sur des solutions enzymatiques et des eaux naturelles en laboratoire, nous avons mis en œuvre cette technique sur le terrain au cours d'expériences de traçages réactifs. Un modèle cinétique nous a permis d'approcher les résultats obtenus en laboratoire, et de comparer nos résultats de terrain aux calibrations effectuées in vitro. Cette méthode ouvre ainsi de nouvelles perspectives pour la caractérisation des processus biogéochimiques sur le terrain. / Microbial processes play a key role in controlling biogeochemical reactivity in groundwater. The understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of these phenomena and the development of novel experimental field methods, has opened new fields of research and applications, ranging from groundwater remediation to understanding of global biochemical cycles. In the first part of this thesis, we present field observations providing new insights on the role of fractures in the formation of a hotspot of microbial activity. Because of their large reactivity, these hotspots can dominate the biogeochemical dynamics of subsurface systems, despite their small spatial extent. We have thus analyzed the conditions for the formation of a microbial mat composed of iron-oxidizing bacteria at 60 meters depth in the Ploemeur fractured rock observatory (H+ network) while these phenomena are usually observed at the surface. These results show that heterogeneous flowpaths, linked to the structure of fractured media, create mixing zones between iron rich water and oxygen rich water, at the origin of the microbial hotspot. The second part of this work was devoted to the development of a novel method for a continuous measurement of microbial activity in groundwater. The method is based on the use of Fluorescein DiAcetate (FDA) whose product of reaction can be measured continuously by a field fluorimeter. After testing and validating protocols in the lab on enzymatic solutions and natural water, we have implemented this technic in the field in reactive tracer test experiments. A kinetic model allowed us to interpret the lab results, and to compare them to the field kinetics. This method thus opens new perspectives for the characterization of biogeochemical processes in the field.

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