Orientador: Milton Carlos Costa / Banca: Fernando Novais / Banca: Ullysses Telles Guariba Neto / Resumo: Esta dissertação aborda dois cursos de Lucien Febvre, proferidos no Collège de France entre os anos de 1944 e 1947. A partir de seus dois livros publicados postumamente: L'Europe: genèse d'une civilisation (1999) e Honneur et Patrie (1996), procuramos mapear primeiramente o conceito de Europa, e posteriormente, o surgimento de uma pátria cristã, passando pela européia, e por fim, o fortalecimento de um ideal da pátria francesa, após o século XVII. Toda essa problemática levantada por Lucien Febvre foi dada como um reflexo do contexto em que a Europa, principalmente a França se encontrava, no período da ocupação alemã em seu solo. Observamos que ao realizar tais estudos, Lucien Febvre utilizou-se da psicologia histórica, aplicando em todos os seus cursos, o conceito de outillage mental para mapear essa Europa, mas, principalmente, para tentar compreender sua "trágica" França / Abstract: This paper deals with two Lucien Febvre's courses, held in Collège de France between 1944 and 1947. From his two after death published books, L'Europe: genèse d'une civilisation (1999) and Honneur et Patrie (1996), the intention is, first of all, to map the Europe's concept and then the arising of a Christian country, going through the European country, to finally the strengthening of an ideal French's country, after the XVII Century. All this subject matter proposed by Lucien Febvre was taken as a reflex of the context in which Europe, specially France was living at that time, with the German invasion in French's soil. Carrying out his studies, Lucien Febvre has used historical psychology, providing in all his courses the "mental outillage" concept to map that Europe, but specially his "tragical" France / Mestre

Orientador: Norma Wimmer / Banca: Giséle Manganelli Fernandes / Banca: Regina Maria Salgado Campos / Abstract: This thesis analyzes Book VI of L’ Île des pingouins (1908), by Anatole France (1884-1924). In the novel, French society is satirically represented by a group of penguins metamorphosed into men after having being mistakenly baptized by the old apostle Mael, who mistook the birds for short men. The novel is divided into eight sections called "books", in order to make them look like the sacred books. The sixth book is about the Dreyfus Case (1894-1906), a case of espionage known as one of the greatest judicial errors of modern history. Capitan Alfred Dreyfus, accused of having handed in military secrets belonging to the French artillery army to the German army, was arrested and deported to the Devil’s Island, where he stayed for five years, until his process was reviewed and the real spy was found out. In L’ Île des pingouins, the Dreyfus Case is represented in a parodical way by the "Pyrot Case", in which a penguin official is unfairly accused of having handed in eighty thousand bales of hay to the porpoise enemy army. Through laughter, the reader realizes the narrator’s disenchantment: the presentation of the characters as caricatures, the satire in relation to history and the positive method shows, however, a pessimistic view of the origin of the universe, of mankind and its history. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis are: i) to verify how the Dreyfus Case is recovered in Book VI of the novel, whose title is "Modern Times - The Case of the Eighty Thousand Bales of Hay", by studying the effects of the usage of parody, hyperbole, and caricature in order to satirize historical figures, social institutions (such as the Church, the army, the government) and even the end of the Case; ii) to analyze the means used by the novelist to give his critical rereading of history an aesthetic feature, by examining how the writer gives literariness to historical facts, transforming them into parts of his novel. / Mestre