Spelling suggestions: "subject:"fraser river"" "subject:"fraser liver""
21 |
Wetland conservation in British Columbia: the role of environmental non-government organizations in Burns BogDelesalle, Bruno P. 11 1900 (has links)
This thesis examines the role of environmental non-government organizations in
relation to the role and responsibility of government for wetland conservation in British
Columbia. The role of a small community-based environmental organization called the
Burns Bog Conservation Society in decisions about Burns Bog, a large privately-owned
wetland located in the Lower Mainland, is analyzed.
Drawing from a broad range of literature on environmentalism and conservation, the
thesis begins with an historical account of the environmental movement, giving a broad
view of environmental conservation and the role of environmental organizations. A
typology of roles and analytical framework is subsequently derived from a study of
environmental non-government organizations involved in managing water resources in
British Columbia's Fraser River Basin.
Three main roles, advocacy, supplemental and transformative, are discussed as they
relate to activities prior to and during the Burns Bog Analysis, a provincially established
land use study of Burns Bog. This research found that a small community-based
environmental organization, through advocacy, can ensure that ecological integrity is
not neglected as a result of poor planning and decision-making. The case study
demonstrates that a small environmental organization can pressure governments to
broaden their view of land-use and environmental issues, assuring more informed
decision-making. An environmental organization can also supplement the regular roles
and responsibilities of government, first by supplying a service that government is
unable or unwilling to provide, and second by participating in and legitimizing
consensus-based decision-making processes. The case study demonstrates how a
small environmental organization can provide and review information and participate in
creating options and solutions in land-use decisions. Finally, an environmental
organization can influence, overtime, the fundamental restructuring of government planning and decision-making processes and transform the way society thinks and
operates.
The thesis concludes that environmental non-government organizations have an
important role to play in ensuring the recognition and conservation of British Columbia's
wetlands in government planning and decision-making processes; in informing and
educating government and the public about ecological systems and their values; and in
counter-balancing strong economic, political and development interests.
|
22 |
Measurement of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation in the Lower Fraser Valley, British ColumbiaDrewitt, Gordon 11 1900 (has links)
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a diverse class of hydrocarbon released
during the normal physiological processes of some species of vegetation. These substances can
participate in many chemical reactions and in some cases have potential to promote the formation
of ground level ozone. The Fraser Valley located in southwestern British Columbia occasionally
experiences these air pollution episodes during the summer. In order to effectively reduce the
frequency and magnitude of these episodes, it is important that we understand the relative role of
biogenic hydrocarbons from the abundant vegetated surfaces in the region.
The thesis presents the results of measurements conducted on four common tree species in
the lower Fraser Valley using a branch enclosure apparatus. Hydrocarbon emission rates from
Cottonwoods trees were approximately one hundred times greater than those from coniferous
trees and were dominated by the compound isoprene. Monoterpenoid emissions from four tree
species were highly variable in magnitude and demonstrated no statistically significant relationship
with temperature. Comparison of the observed results with a simple model from the literature
shows relatively close agreement in the case of isoprene but poor agreement with monoterpene
emissions. Results of these branch enclosure studies were extrapolated to larger scales to yield an
areal emission rate assuming reasonable biomass densities. Isoprene measurements in this study
reveal an areal emission rate approximately twenty times that of the assumed value in current
emissions inventories. This discrepancy could be quite significant considering its magnitude and
the possible sensitivity of the chemical reactions that produce ground level ozone to changes in
isoprene concentration.
|
23 |
Measurement of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation in the Lower Fraser Valley, British ColumbiaDrewitt, Gordon 11 1900 (has links)
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a diverse class of hydrocarbon released
during the normal physiological processes of some species of vegetation. These substances can
participate in many chemical reactions and in some cases have potential to promote the formation
of ground level ozone. The Fraser Valley located in southwestern British Columbia occasionally
experiences these air pollution episodes during the summer. In order to effectively reduce the
frequency and magnitude of these episodes, it is important that we understand the relative role of
biogenic hydrocarbons from the abundant vegetated surfaces in the region.
The thesis presents the results of measurements conducted on four common tree species in
the lower Fraser Valley using a branch enclosure apparatus. Hydrocarbon emission rates from
Cottonwoods trees were approximately one hundred times greater than those from coniferous
trees and were dominated by the compound isoprene. Monoterpenoid emissions from four tree
species were highly variable in magnitude and demonstrated no statistically significant relationship
with temperature. Comparison of the observed results with a simple model from the literature
shows relatively close agreement in the case of isoprene but poor agreement with monoterpene
emissions. Results of these branch enclosure studies were extrapolated to larger scales to yield an
areal emission rate assuming reasonable biomass densities. Isoprene measurements in this study
reveal an areal emission rate approximately twenty times that of the assumed value in current
emissions inventories. This discrepancy could be quite significant considering its magnitude and
the possible sensitivity of the chemical reactions that produce ground level ozone to changes in
isoprene concentration. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate
|
24 |
Wetland conservation in British Columbia: the role of environmental non-government organizations in Burns BogDelesalle, Bruno P. 11 1900 (has links)
This thesis examines the role of environmental non-government organizations in
relation to the role and responsibility of government for wetland conservation in British
Columbia. The role of a small community-based environmental organization called the
Burns Bog Conservation Society in decisions about Burns Bog, a large privately-owned
wetland located in the Lower Mainland, is analyzed.
Drawing from a broad range of literature on environmentalism and conservation, the
thesis begins with an historical account of the environmental movement, giving a broad
view of environmental conservation and the role of environmental organizations. A
typology of roles and analytical framework is subsequently derived from a study of
environmental non-government organizations involved in managing water resources in
British Columbia's Fraser River Basin.
Three main roles, advocacy, supplemental and transformative, are discussed as they
relate to activities prior to and during the Burns Bog Analysis, a provincially established
land use study of Burns Bog. This research found that a small community-based
environmental organization, through advocacy, can ensure that ecological integrity is
not neglected as a result of poor planning and decision-making. The case study
demonstrates that a small environmental organization can pressure governments to
broaden their view of land-use and environmental issues, assuring more informed
decision-making. An environmental organization can also supplement the regular roles
and responsibilities of government, first by supplying a service that government is
unable or unwilling to provide, and second by participating in and legitimizing
consensus-based decision-making processes. The case study demonstrates how a
small environmental organization can provide and review information and participate in
creating options and solutions in land-use decisions. Finally, an environmental
organization can influence, overtime, the fundamental restructuring of government planning and decision-making processes and transform the way society thinks and
operates.
The thesis concludes that environmental non-government organizations have an
important role to play in ensuring the recognition and conservation of British Columbia's
wetlands in government planning and decision-making processes; in informing and
educating government and the public about ecological systems and their values; and in
counter-balancing strong economic, political and development interests. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate
|
25 |
Intermittent turbulent suspension events over sand dunes on the bed of the Fraser River, near Mission, British ColumbiaLapointe, Michel F. January 1990 (has links)
The purpose of this study is to gain some first insights into the role of burst-like turbulent motions in sediment suspension over a sandy channel bed, during typical conditions of strong sediment transport with active bedforms. The focus is the suspension mechanism that maintains sizeable sediment concentrations away from the bed, where much of the downstream transport occurs, rather than entrainment at the sediment boundary itself.
Flow components downstream and normal to the mean boundary, along with the output of an optical suspended sediment sensor, were monitored 1 m above the bed. The main study data were collected in a 10 m deep channel of the Fraser River near Mission, British Columbia, Canada. Velocities averaged 1.4 m/s at the surface and 0.9 m/s at the sensors, where mean suspended sediment concentrations were 500 mg/l; decimetre height small dunes on the backs of larger, metre amplitude dunes covered the channel bed. Many hours of data were recorded at 5 Hz, allowing multi-second scale turbulent motions as well as multi-minute oscillations to be resolved in both the velocity and turbidity records.
Burst-like "ejection and inrush" motions were identified, producing a high degree of intermittency in momentum exchange: 80% of the mean Reynolds stress at the 1 m level is produced during 12% of the record duration. The burst recurrence period appears to be significantly greater than predicted by applying the conventional outer flow scaling in this environment. It is hypothesised that the non-uniform shear and pressure gradient conditions over the various scales of bedforms on the river floor may somehow affect mean burst periodicity, modifying the recurrence scaling developed over flat boundaries. The determination of a burst recurrence timescale from one-point data is inherently imprecise however and, as elsewhere, a continuous variation of return periods with relative magnitude of extreme (u'v') events is observed.
The optical turbidity (OBS) time series reveals that these intermittent burst-like motions are, as expected, very important in vertically mixing sediments across the 1 m level in the flow; for example violent ejections, occurring only 1% of the time and contributing some 10% to mean turbulent momentum flux, appear to account for 6% of the total vertical sediment flux. The statistical association between the momentum and sediment mixing efficiencies of any ejection appears to be only moderately strong, however; very intense suspension can be associated with rather "weak" ejections (in terms of stress), and vice-versa. Differences between momentum and sediment mixing effects of a given ejection may partly be related to the "crossing trajectories effect"; sand grains continually fall out of the eddies that bear them, so the momentum and sediment "contents" of an eddy at 1 m off the bed are not perfectly linked.
Turbulent sediment suspension is, like momentum exchange, a highly intermittent process in itself. After selecting turbulent events only for suspension efficiency, the largest ones, occupying only 5% of the time, contribute approximately one half of the total vertical sediment flux. There is no indication that the conventional scaling of burst recurrence corresponds to the occurrence of any distinctive event level for suspension. Interestingly, burst-like turbulent motions are not the only flow oscillations contributing to suspension in the high flow conditions of the study. Multi-minute period flow perturbations at 1 m off the bed significantly assist burst-scale turbulent motions in driving the upward sediment mixing.
In summary, turbulent mixing of both momentum and sediment at 1 m over a typical sandy river bed is dominated by intermittent, intense "burst-like" events. However, the extrapolation of intermittent "bursting" concepts and structural constants from small-scale laboratory flows to the larger fluvial environment may be misleading. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate
|
26 |
Water quality in the lower Fraser River Basin : a method to estimate the effect of pollution on the size of a salmon runBrox, Gunter Herbert January 1976 (has links)
Water quality studies conducted in the recent past in the Lower Fraser River Basin indicated that locally some high pollution levels exist. With further urbanization and industrialization of the Vancouver region an increase in waste loadings and a degradation of water quality can be expected
if no strict pollution control is applied. Of particular concern are biologically undegradable substances such as heavy metals and poly-chlorinated hydrocarbons. They accumulate in the sediments of the river and the estuary and become concentrated in organisms of the food chain.
Pollution is a gradually occurring process. Anticipation of potential problems is important for the decision maker responsible for water quality management. The Fraser River supports one of the largest salmon runs of the world and is abundant with other commercially and recreationally valuable fish. Salmon are very sensitive to pollution and could disappear from the Fraser river system as they already have from many other major rivers if pollution levels become too high. The Fraser River estuary has the function of a bottleneck. Adult salmon enter the river to migrate upstream to their spawning grounds, and juvenile salmon stay in the estuary for a while to acclimatize themselves to the saline environment.
In this thesis a method is presented to simulate the effects of potential pollution on the size of a salmon stock. A model which uses data from various life stages of a particular sockeye salmon run in the Fraser system is developed. Uncertainties due to environmental fluctuations
are accounted for. Using this model the effects of an increase in mortality rate in two stages of the sockeye salmon life cycle on adult
return numbers are studied. The analysis showed that at a certain mortality rate chances are that the stock might not be able to recover.
In light of a planned salmon enhancement program to increase salmon stocks in various Pacific rivers, the fact that decreasing water quality could counteract all enhancement efforts should be a warning signal to the decision makers.
The development of a water quality index to predict future conditions
is recommended and a possible procedure to relate water quality parameters to an increase in mortality rate is sketched out. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate
|
27 |
The Fraser River flood control programme : how decisions get madeCousineau, John Glen January 1976 (has links)
There exists a federal-provincial programme for providing flood protection in the Lower Eraser Valley. An examination is made of the procedures for deciding upon applications for individual projects included in the Programme and an identification of when, the way, and the extent to which associated interests become involved in project decisions is made.
The methodology involves three steps. The first step is to define the procedures followed by the administering agencies of the Programme and identify the stages during which affected interests become involved. The second step is to'identify the things which happen as these procedures are followed. Interviews with key officials in the provision system provide the information presented. The third step is to note particular case study examples in which certain patterns o'faagency interaction occurred.
The only significant involvement of affected interests is after a commitmenttto provide flood protection has been made. Advocate interests (outside the lead agencies) do not play a prominent role in the decisions which are made. The accommodation of conditionally supportive interests has generally not been difficult. The accommodation
of competitive interests is more difficult. When the losses to be imposed upon affected interests in general, and competitive interests in particular, are high, extensive negotiations take place in search of an equitable compromise solution.
The adjustments made to accommodate affected interests are often made at a substantial additional cost to the Programme. That these additional costs may exceed the original assessment of benefits suggests affected interests should become involved at an earlier stage when commitments to provide protection are made on the basis of the associated benefits and costs. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate
|
28 |
Cultural and non-cultural variation in the artifact and fauna samples from the St. Mungo Cannery site, B.C., DgRr 2Boehm, Sheila Gay Calvert 27 June 2016 (has links)
The records or both the faunal remains and artifacts recover d from the St.Mungo Cannery site in the Fraser Delta, British Columbia during 1968-1969 are analysed quantitatively for evidence of processual cultural change. Descriptions of the site and site habitat are given, and methods used to recover, describe, and analyse the two records are detailed. The patterns of variation through time are given in tables of the relative frequencies of types found in excavation units Cl and C2. Multidimensional scalogram analysis is used to delineate and visually present the separation of components. An attempt is made to distinguish cultural variation in the two records from non-cultural variation produced by sampling procedures, and to control for the latter. The relationship between sample size and the number of artifacts and faunal types found is statistically demonstrated as a major sampling error . Some comparisons are made between the patterns of variation observed in faunal and artifact types theoretically related as evidence of particular activities. The information contained in the faunal record is found to be additional as well as parallel to that contained in the artifact record. / Graduate
|
29 |
The power of place, the problem of time : a study of history and Aboriginal collective identityCarlson, Keith Thor 05 1900 (has links)
This dissertation historicizes and explains the tensions that arose between
localized and regionally dispersed expressions of group affiliation and political authority
among the indigenous people of the Lower Fraser River watershed after European
contact. It accomplishes this by directly engaging indigenous historiography and
epistemology. The period examined covers the late eighteenth century, just prior to the
first smallpox epidemic, through to 1906 when a delegation of Salish men met with King
Edward in London on behalf of all the Native people of British Columbia. I argue that
Aboriginal collective identity and political authority are and were situationally
constructed products of complicated negotiations among indigenous people and between
Natives and newcomers. Multiple options were always available and the various
expressions that shared identity assumed never were the only ones possible.
Consequently, among the local indigenous population, history has always been regarded
as an important arbitrator of identity and disagreements over competing historical
interpretations highly contentious.
To a greater extent than has been appreciated, changes in the way Native
collective affiliations have been constituted have been informed by reference to ancient
sacred stories and an ongoing process of interpreting past precedence. They are also
intimately linked to migrations. Over time and across geography, different indigenous
people have used these stories to different ends. Gendered and class-based distinctions in
the way these narratives have been applied to either the creation of innovative collective
identities or to the defense of older expressions reveal the tensions within Aboriginal
society and between Natives and newcomers that arose as indigenous people struggled to
make sense of a rapidly changing colonial world. The uncertainty following pivotal
historical events allowed these submerged tensions to assume more public forms.
Examined here are the important identity shaping historical events and migrations that
indigenous historiography has emphasized: Creation, the Great Flood, the 1780 smallpox
epidemic, the establishment of local Hudson's Bay trading posts in 1827 and 1846, the
1858 goldrush, the imposition of colonial reserves, the banning of the potlatch, the 1884
hostile incursions into Canadian Native communities of an American lynch mob, and the
government policy to transform Salish fishermen into western-style farmers. Ultimately,
Western ideologies, colonial authority and global economic forces are considered as
forces acting within indigenous society, and not merely as exogenous powers acting upon
|
30 |
1900 strike of Fraser River sockeye salmon fishermenRalston, Harry Keith January 1965 (has links)
This study sees the 1900 strike on the Fraser River as providing the setting in which trade unions began in the fisheries of British Columbia, and analyzes both the strike itself and its background from that point of view.
In the two decades to 1890, the Fraser River salmon canning industry grew relatively slowly, limited by the problems of developing techniques for processing, finding labor for packing, and accumulating capital from profits. In the 10 years to 1900, these difficulties had been mostly overcome, and fresh capital, attracted by sizeable profits, nearly tripled the number of canneries. This boom ended in a crisis of over-expansion, marked by strikes and company mergers.
One unforeseen effect of license limitation in the seasons I889-I89I was a change from paying fishermen a daily wage to paying them at so much per fish, and consequently the start of a series of disputes between canners and fishermen over fish prices. Though in general prices rose throughout the 1890*s, the individual fishermen failed to benefit, partly because of price cuts and limits on deliveries during periods of a heavy supply of fish, and partly because of the increasing number of fishermen licensed in each succeeding year.
In an attempt to increase their bargaining strength, white resident fishermen campaigned for changes in federal fishery regulations to restrict competition from Japanese and American fishermen, and to reduce the number of cannery licenses. The first fishermen's organization, formed in 1893 to further this end, did not survive its unrelated involvement in a strike that year against price cuts. The amendments to the fishery regulations in 1894 and, to an even greater degree, in 1898 reflected the success of this group in gaining their ends by political means. To try to redress the balance, the canners created in 1898 their own closely-knit organization, the British Columbia Salmon Packers’ Association.
The difficulties of the seasons of 1898 and 1899, basically caused by over-expansion, led the canners to tighten their organization further by creating in January, 1900, the Fraser River Canners’ Association, a cannery combine with power to set maximum fish prices and production quotas for each cannery, and to levy fines on violators of its decisions. About the same time, and partly in reaction to the canners' move, separate unions of fishermen were organized, first at New Westminster, then at Vancouver. The Vancouver union tried and failed to enroll Japanese fishermen who formed in June, 1900, the Japanese Fishermen's Benevolent Society.
The Canners’ Association refused to negotiate prices with fishermen's union representatives or to set a minimum price for sockeye. When the sockeye season opened July 1 the fishermen struck, demanding 25 cents a fish through the season. By July 10, the strike included all fishermen on the river—white, Japanese and Indian. After another week, the Canners' Association felt forced to negotiate and in a series of meetings the two sides came close to settlement. At this point, however, the canners broke off negotiations and made a separate agreement with the Japanese for 20 cents for the first 600 fish in a week and 15 cents thereafter. The canners then provoked an "incident" as an excuse for three friendly justices of the peace to call out the militia to Steveston.
In spite of the Japanese defection and the presence of the militia, the remaining strikers held out for another week. Mediation by E. P. Bremner, Dominion Labor Commissioner, and Francis Carter-Cotton, publisher of the Vancouver News-Advertiser, secured them a negotiated settlement which, though not including any union recognition, guaranteed 19 cents throughout the season.
This success led to the creation in January, 1901, of the Grand Lodge of British Columbia Fishermen's Unions, the first coast-wide fishermen's organization in British Columbia. The strike marked the beginning of continuous union activity in the industry and the start of a tradition of radical leadership that persists to the present day. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate
|
Page generated in 0.0609 seconds