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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Fadiga termomecânica em ligas de ferro fundido cinzento para discos de freio automotivos / Thermomechanical fatigue in gray cast iron alloys to automotive brake discs

Omar Maluf 18 May 2007 (has links)
Os discos de freio, durante a frenagem, são submetidos a tensões térmicas e mecânicas que podem ser relativamente altas quando muito bruscas (frações de segundo), situação em que a temperatura pode chegar a valores próximos de 600ºC. Esta variação de temperatura provoca choques térmicos que podem gerar trincas e/ou uma grande quantidade de deformação plástica no disco. A proposta deste trabalho foi a de investigar, através de experimentos, o comportamento mecânico e físico em quatro ligas de ferro fundido cinzento (A, B, C e E), utilizadas para produzir discos de freio de veículos automotivos. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios termomecânicos de baixo ciclo em corpos de prova, entre 300ºC e 600ºC, nas condições em fase e fora de fase, adotando o critério de falha em 50% da tensão máxima (ASTM E-606) e em componentes (discos), além daqueles de difusividade térmica desde a temperatura ambiente até 600ºC. As curvas deformação em função da vida ( N) foram obtidas e analisadas segundo norma ASTM E 466/468. A análise microestrutural nos corpos de prova e peças, após os ensaios de fadiga, serviu para revelar a influência da morfologia e quantidade de grafita e da matriz sobre as propriedades mecânicas. A medição das difusividades térmicas teve como objetivo a verificação da influência do carbono equivalente e dos elementos de liga sobre esta propriedade física. Observou-se que, durante os ensaios de fadiga termomecânica em fase, em função da decomposição de parcela da cementita da perlita, houve, nos materiais, a chamada expansão grafítica, que teve influência na parte trativa do ciclo, diminuindo as tensões necessárias para se alcançar determinadas amplitudes de tensão mecânica. Pelos gráficos de amplitude de deformação mecânica em função do número de reversos para falhar, sob fadiga termomecânica em fase e fora de fase, observou-se que a melhor liga de ferro fundido cinzento foi a liga E. Esta constatação implicará em uma significativa redução dos custos de produção dos discos de freio, pois se poderá prescindir do elemento de liga Molibdênio, extremamente caro. Comparando-se os resultados de fadiga termomecânica com os de fadiga isotérmica a 25ºC, 300ºC e 600ºC, pôde-se verificar que os ensaios mais críticos foram os fora de fase, pois conduziram, comparativamente, a vidas menores. / Brake discs are submitted to thermal and mechanical stress that can be relatively high during abrupt braking action happens (fractions of seconds), causing the temperature to reach values as high as 600ºC. This temperature variation results in thermal shocks that can generate cracks and/or a large amount of plastic deformation in the disk. The main aim of this work was to investigate, through experiments, the mechanical and physical behavior of four alloys of gray cast iron (A, B, C and E), used to produce brake discs of automotives vehicles. Low cycle thermomechanical fatigue tests were carried out in components (discs) and in test specimens, between 300ºC and 600ºC, in the conditions in-phase and out-of-phase, adopting the failure criterion of 50% drop of the maximum tensile stress (ASTM E - 606). Thermal diffusivity values were measured from room temperature up to 600oC in order to analyze the effects of carbon content and alloying elements in physical properties. Curves -N were obtained and analyzed according to ASTM E 466/468 standard. Microstructural analysis was employed to reveal the influence of the matrix and morphology/amount of graphite on the mechanical properties. It was observed that, during in-phase thermomechanical fatigue tests, the volume expansion due to cementite decomposition into graphite and ferrite caused a decrease in the tensile stress necessary to achieve the mechanical strain imposed during tests. From M/2 x 2Nf graphs it was inferred that alloy E presented the best performance both in in-phase and out-of phase tests. The lack of Mo in this alloy implies in a significant reduction of cost production of the brake discs, due to the high cost of such alloying element. Out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue tests resulted in shorter lives compared to isothermal fatigue tests carried out at 25ºC, 300ºC and 600ºC.
102

Přínos jednotlivých intraoperačních elektrofyziologických metod u dětských epileptochirurgických pacientů / A practical value of different intraoperative electrophysiological methods in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients

Leško, Róbert January 2020 (has links)
Epilepsy, as the most common chronic neurological disease, affects a significant part of population (0.5-1%). Drug resistant epilepsy has a significant negative effect on the quality of life, psychiatric comorbidities, neurocognitive performance and the risk of SUDEP in children. Therefore, resective epilepsy surgery, the only curative treatment of this condition, can fundamentally reverse this unfavorable prognosis. An inevitable prerequisite for a good postoperative result is complete removal of the epileptogenic zone (EC) and preservation of eloquent areas (EC). At present, even with improving and new preoperative non-invasive methods, we don't have an exclusive diagnostic method for theirs delineation. The aim of this PhD study is to assess benefit of individual intraoperative electrophysiological (iEF) methods in pediatric patients with focal intractable epilepsy. The first study evaluates the importance of intraoperative electrocorticography (iECoG) in the localization of EZ. The study proved that iECoG serves as a reliable tool to guide surgical resection and may predict results of epilepsy surgery. iECoG-based modification of surgical plan is not associated with increased risk of significant complications. The second presented study analyzed the contribution of intraoperative electrical...

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