A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.

A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / Purpose To understand the reasons why physicians volunteer their time to provide healthcare to the uninsured and to educate future physicians. Another goal is to define the barriers that prevent physicians from volunteering. Background Physician volunteers play an integral role in educating medical students and providing health care to the uninsured. Therefore, understanding the reasons why physicians volunteer their time can possibly improve recruitment procedures. It may help clinics and medical schools advertise to prospective volunteer physicians by emphasizing the positives and directly addressing the main concerns in volunteering. Materials and Methods A survey was distributed to physicians from multiple specialties who work at the University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix and Banner University Medical Center – Phoenix. The survey consisted of questions regarding physicians’ background information, volunteer experience, barriers to volunteerism, and motivation behind their volunteerism. Motivation was evaluated utilizing a validated and widely used survey called the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI). Results A total of 100 physicians responded to the survey. 84% of physicians cited “lack of time” as being the primary barrier to volunteerism. 25% and 22% of the physicians cited “Financial Costs” and “Unaware of Opportunity” as barriers, respectively. With respect to VIF components, the “Values” category showed the highest score of 30.38 out of a possible 35 ,while “career factors” observed the lowest score of 14.09 Conclusions Medical schools and clinics could possibly improve their recruitment efforts by making it less time consuming for physicians to volunteer and by minimizing the financial costs to physicians. They could also benefit by advertising the altruistic and humanitarian nature of the volunteer activity.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Greifswald.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-300).

The tariff barrier protecting secondary manufacturing in Eastern Canada depresses the relative trade position of British Columbia. This situation arises, in part, from the industrial character in the latter region. The abundant natural resources and the production level well beyond Canadian demand guides the major portion of British Columbia products into foreign markets. These markets, therefore, are an important source of income for British Columbia. However, the archaic tariff system in Canada, along with the manufacturers' sales tax and various excise taxes, restricts the flow of foreign imports into British Columbia and, in turn, enhances the inflow of high-priced merchandise from Eastern Canada. In this way, the real income position of British Columbia residents is curtailed. By constructing the terms of trade for both regions from 1948-1965, it was possible to elucidate further effects of the tariff on British Columbia. For instance, the Net Barter Terms of Trade (export-import price ratio) was found to be more favorable for Eastern Canada when the Canadian dollar appreciated in the 1950's. This condition resulted from the superior buying power of the Eastern Canadian dollar relative to the British Columbian dollar, since the latter region was compelled by the tariff to continue purchasing secondaries in Eastern Canada where no direct exchange rate benefits could be realized. As a test of the relative buying powers of British Columbia and Eastern Canada, the Income Terms of Trade were constructed. This index, by combining import-export price movements with export volume changes, attempts to measure the regional import capacity. It was found to be more favorable for British Columbia over the 18 year period, but as an indicator of the real relative import capacity it was a poor index indeed. Because of the superior buying power of Eastern Canadian dollars in the 50's and the relatively low tariffs on primary manufacturers, the import quantity indexes turned out almost identical over the test period. On a positive note, the recent Kennedy Round of tariff reductions on machinery promises to lower costs in many British Columbia industries, whether or not this will increase the international competitiveness of her products remains to be seen, since they were selling well pre-Kennedy. Nevertheless, the duty reductions constitute a step in the right direction towards more liberal trade policies in Canada. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

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The coming into force of "free trade agreements" across the Western Hemisphere since the late 1980s has been a historic change that is still in the process of development. This essay seeks to explain this development. To do so, it investigates examples of the historical development of social relations in the hemisphere. The political will to carry out such a plan can be found in each country in the social base that sees benefit in the course. While this political will exists, everywhere the process has been a contested one, both domestically and internationally. This policy will continue to find support especially from large capital interests and their representatives who will continue to find their opposition in a wide variety of labour and social movements and socialist tendencies. The balance determines the type of contract struck.

Thesis (M.A.)--Queen's University, Kingston, Ont. 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [142]-149).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references.