Rinkimų institutas yra labai svarbus elementas konstitucinėje demokratijoje. Demokratinėje visuomenėje suvereniteto šaltinis – Tauta, suteikia galią valstybės valdžios institucijoms. Formuojant politines atstovaujamąsias institucijas rinkimų būdu, reikia užtikrinti tam tikrų fundamentalių taisyklių laikymąsi. Pagrindiniai principai yra šie: visuotinė rinkimų teisė, lygūs rinkimai, laisvi rinkimai, slaptas balsavimas ir tiesioginiai rinkimai. Šių principų turinį sudaro smulkesni reikalavimai, kurių analizė yra svarbi siekiant suprasti principo esmę. Rinkimų principai suponuoja ne tik teises, bet ir tam tikras rinkėjo pareigas. Pagrindiniai rinkimų teisės principai yra dažnai vadinami Europos rinkimų arba konstitucinės teisės paveldu. Rinkimų teisės principai, kuriais vadovaujantis turi būti organizuojami ir vykdomi rinkimai, yra įtvirtinti įvairios juridinės galios nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose, taip pat tarptautinės teisės normomis. Tik įtvirtinimo nepakanka, turi būti sukurtas teisės normų aparatas, kuris padėtų užtikrinti šių principų įgyvendinimą ir apsaugą. Lietuvos Konstitucijoje ir rinkimų įstatymuose yra įtvirtinti visi šie principai. Stabilus apsaugos aparatas negali susiformuoti dėl dažnai keičiamų rinkimų įstatymų nuostatų. Magistro darbe analizuojamas rinkimų principų turinys: atskleidžiamos ir plačiau nei iki šiol aptariamos principų sudėtinės dalys; įvertinamos ir analizuojamos problemos kylančios įgyvendinant rinkimų principus ir užtikrinant jų apsaugą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Election law is the main element of the constitutional democracy. In democratic society the Nation, as the holder of suverenity, grants power to the authority institutions. Fundamental rules must be implemented during the formation of political representative bodies. Fundamental principles are: universal election, equal election, free election, secret suffrage and direct suffrage. These principles consists of narrower regulations, which are important for the nature of the main principle. Electors’ rights and duties originate from principles of the election law. Main principles of the election law are sometimes called Europe’s electoral or constitutional law heritage. These principles are the main rules for organizing and administrating the process of election. Constitutional democracy requires that national authoritues should povide effective legal basis to implement and safeguard these rules. These principles are regulated in the Constitution of Lithuania and election statutes. Well-established safeguard apparatus can not be created, since statutes are often changed. This research is focused on the content of principles of the election: it discloses and gives broader understanding of the compaund elements of the principles; the research focuses on the problems deriving from the implementation and safeguard of the main principles.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-26T14:39:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 vanildagomescantarinodemagalhaes.pdf: 1723088 bytes, checksum: 933a66aff04b35f333af436bf3bcc982 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-09T12:12:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vanildagomescantarinodemagalhaes.pdf: 1723088 bytes, checksum: 933a66aff04b35f333af436bf3bcc982 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T12:12:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vanildagomescantarinodemagalhaes.pdf: 1723088 bytes, checksum: 933a66aff04b35f333af436bf3bcc982 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / A partir da mútua influência estabelecida entre os campos da mídia e da política, a presente dissertação se propõe a discutir inicialmente a centralidade do campo midiático na contemporaneidade e o crescente processo de midiatização da vida social. A pesquisa desenvolve um estudo sobre as estratégias políticas e midiáticas utilizadas pelos candidatos à Prefeitura de Juiz de Fora em 2016 – Bruno Siqueira (PMDB), Margarida Salomão (PT), Noraldino Junior (PSC) e Wilson Rezende (PSB) – a partir da análise dos programas do Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral (HGPE) e das respectivas fanpages. O estudo concentra-se durante o primeiro e o segundo turnos da eleição municipal de Juiz de Fora em 2016. Como fundamentação teórica, o artigo discute como a interface mídia e política gera uma campanha personalista e espetacular (GOMES, 2004; MANIN, 1995). São apresentados informações e dados sobre a regulamentação da propaganda eleitoral, que, em 2015, teve alterações e foi reduzida na mídia massiva (ALDÉ; BORBA, 2016), o papel da TV e o seu lugar de destaque no consumo de mídia em Juiz de Fora (CHAVES, 2016). Discute-se o papel da internet e das redes sociais em campanhas eleitorais no Brasil desde a eleição de 2010, que representou o marco da utilização desse novo tipo de mídia. Como técnica metodológica para análise dos dados, recorreu-se à Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN, 1977). São analisados e catalogados, de acordo com Oliveira (2004), os segmentos de campanha e metacampanha, os tipos de linguagens utilizadas e se estas se adaptam à gramática da mídia. Nas fanpages, é analisado se há uma recorrência ou não dos temas tratados no HGPE e a ênfase nos segmentos de metacampanha. Parte-se da hipótese de que vivencia-se uma transição dos modelos de propaganda política, passando para um modelo híbrido entre mídias massivas e mídias digitais que se complementam. / Based on the mutual influence established between the fields of media and politics, this dissertation proposes to initially discuss the centrality of the media field in contemporary times and the growing process of mediatization of social life. The research develops a study on the political and media strategies used by candidates for the City of Juiz de Fora in 2016 – Bruno Siqueira (PMDB), Margarida Salomão (PT), Noraldino Junior (PSC) and Wilson Rezende (PSB) – from the analysis of the Free Election Hours (HGPE) programs and their respective fanpages. The study focuses on the first and second rounds of the municipal election of Juiz de Fora in 2016. As a theoretical foundation, the article discusses how the media and political interface generates a personalistic and spectacular campaign (GOMES, 2004; MANIN, 1995). Information and data on the regulation of electoral propaganda are presented, which, in 2015, changed and was reduced in the mass media (ALDÉ; BORBA, 2016), the role of TV and its place in media consumption in Juiz de Outside (CHAVES, 2016). We discuss the role of the Internet and social networks in electoral campaigns in Brazil since the 2010 election, which represented the milestone of the use of this new type of media. As a methodological technique for data analysis, we used Content Analysis (Bardin, 1977). According to Oliveira (2004), the campaign and metacampaign segments are analyzed and cataloged, the types of languages used and if these are adapted to the grammar of the media. In the fanpages it is analyzed whether there is a recurrence or not of the subjects treated in the HGPE and the emphasis in the segments of metacampanha. It starts from the hypothesis that we experience a transition from the models of political propaganda, moving to a hybrid model between mass media and digital media that complement each other.

L'une des critiques fondamentales adressées au mécanisme de contrôle et de surveillance de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme en matière électorale tient au risque qu'il portera atteinte à la souveraineté de l'État. En effet, certains auteurs estiment que l'autonomie constitutionnelle de l'État dans le domaine électoral, jusqu'à tout récemment strictement protégée, s'affaiblit sous l'influence de la protection des droits de l'homme dans le système européen. Le présent mémoire a pour but de déterminer les conditions imposées aux autorités étatiques par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme en vue d'assurer l'exercice efficace du droit à des élections libres. Ensuite, il analysera les effets de ces conditions sur la souveraineté des États parties à la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme. Notre étude s'intéresse, dans un premier temps, à l'examen du principe de la souveraineté de l'État et de son évolution progressive sous l'influence des droits de l'homme. Dans un deuxième temps, elle présentera le droit à des élections libres et ses manifestations théoriques et jurisprudentielles. L'étude des affaires tranchées par la Cour européenne permettra de remarquer que la déférence qui est accordée à la souveraineté des États s'accompagne d'une certaine limitation de la marge d'appréciation des autorités étatiques en cas de privation de l'exercice efficace du droit à des élections libres. Ensuite, les acquis théoriques et conceptuels seront appliqués à l'étude des restrictions électorales relevant des mesures législatives, administratives et judiciaires des États ainsi que des conditions imposées par la Cour européenne. À cet égard, l'analyse de ces conditions nous permettra de saisir l'étendue de la limitation de la liberté d'action des États en matière électorale. Cette recension analytique nous permettra de conclure que le mécanisme de contrôle de la Cour européenne entraîne de multiples effets limitatifs sur la souveraineté des États. / One of the fundamental criticisms levelled at the ECtHR review mechanism relates to the fact that it is jeopardizing State's sovereignty. According to some commentators the State's constitutional autonomy, untill recently strictly preserved under international law, is now questioned as a result of the international protection of human rights. This study aims to identify the link between the principle of State sovereignty, the guarantee of the electoral rights, and the role of the ECtHR. Our study will be divided into three chapters. Chapter l, "Progressive evolution of the principle of State sovereignty and the European mechanism for the protection of fundamental human rights", discusses the principle of State sovereignty and its interpretations in contemporary international law. The chapter traces the evolution of the principle and links it with the progressive development of fundamental human rights. Chapter II, "The interaction between the State's margin of appreciation and the European supervisory mechanism", considers what role the positive obligations of States may have played in the crystallization of States' attitudes towards the application of international human rights instruments. After a brief discussion of the doctrine of the margin of appreciation and States' obligations under the European Convention, the chapter focuses on the ECtHR's control and supervision of the States' electoral restrictions. Chapter III, "Electoral restrictions and the scope of limits imposed on the State sovereignty", is central to our study. This chapter examines the ECtHR case-Iaw on electoral rights (1987-2008) and draws attention to some electoral restrictions in legislative, administrative and judicial matters. This study looks at the challenges which surround the application of the right to free elections, focusing on electoral rights in national political discourse, and the development of the ECtHR's enhanced role in protecting electoral rights in Europe. It draws conclusions as to the relationships between the development of an effective protection of electoral rights and the resultant limitations to the State sovereignty.

L'une des critiques fondamentales adressées au mécanisme de contrôle et de surveillance de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme en matière électorale tient au risque qu'il portera atteinte à la souveraineté de l'État. En effet, certains auteurs estiment que l'autonomie constitutionnelle de l'État dans le domaine électoral, jusqu'à tout récemment strictement protégée, s'affaiblit sous l'influence de la protection des droits de l'homme dans le système européen. Le présent mémoire a pour but de déterminer les conditions imposées aux autorités étatiques par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme en vue d'assurer l'exercice efficace du droit à des élections libres. Ensuite, il analysera les effets de ces conditions sur la souveraineté des États parties à la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme. Notre étude s'intéresse, dans un premier temps, à l'examen du principe de la souveraineté de l'État et de son évolution progressive sous l'influence des droits de l'homme. Dans un deuxième temps, elle présentera le droit à des élections libres et ses manifestations théoriques et jurisprudentielles. L'étude des affaires tranchées par la Cour européenne permettra de remarquer que la déférence qui est accordée à la souveraineté des États s'accompagne d'une certaine limitation de la marge d'appréciation des autorités étatiques en cas de privation de l'exercice efficace du droit à des élections libres. Ensuite, les acquis théoriques et conceptuels seront appliqués à l'étude des restrictions électorales relevant des mesures législatives, administratives et judiciaires des États ainsi que des conditions imposées par la Cour européenne. À cet égard, l'analyse de ces conditions nous permettra de saisir l'étendue de la limitation de la liberté d'action des États en matière électorale. Cette recension analytique nous permettra de conclure que le mécanisme de contrôle de la Cour européenne entraîne de multiples effets limitatifs sur la souveraineté des États. / One of the fundamental criticisms levelled at the ECtHR review mechanism relates to the fact that it is jeopardizing State's sovereignty. According to some commentators the State's constitutional autonomy, untill recently strictly preserved under international law, is now questioned as a result of the international protection of human rights. This study aims to identify the link between the principle of State sovereignty, the guarantee of the electoral rights, and the role of the ECtHR. Our study will be divided into three chapters. Chapter l, "Progressive evolution of the principle of State sovereignty and the European mechanism for the protection of fundamental human rights", discusses the principle of State sovereignty and its interpretations in contemporary international law. The chapter traces the evolution of the principle and links it with the progressive development of fundamental human rights. Chapter II, "The interaction between the State's margin of appreciation and the European supervisory mechanism", considers what role the positive obligations of States may have played in the crystallization of States' attitudes towards the application of international human rights instruments. After a brief discussion of the doctrine of the margin of appreciation and States' obligations under the European Convention, the chapter focuses on the ECtHR's control and supervision of the States' electoral restrictions. Chapter III, "Electoral restrictions and the scope of limits imposed on the State sovereignty", is central to our study. This chapter examines the ECtHR case-Iaw on electoral rights (1987-2008) and draws attention to some electoral restrictions in legislative, administrative and judicial matters. This study looks at the challenges which surround the application of the right to free elections, focusing on electoral rights in national political discourse, and the development of the ECtHR's enhanced role in protecting electoral rights in Europe. It draws conclusions as to the relationships between the development of an effective protection of electoral rights and the resultant limitations to the State sovereignty.