Free-radical generation is one of the primary causes of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Melatonin is an efficient free-radical scavenger and induces the expression of antioxidant enzymes. We have previously shown that melatonin can prevent free-radical-induced myocardial injury. To date, the mechanism underlying melatonin's cardioprotective effect is not clear. In this study, we assessed the ability of melatonin to protect against I/R injury in mice deficient in glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1). Mice hearts were subjected to 40 min of global ischemia in vitro followed by 45 min of reperfusion. Myocardial I/R injury (expressed as % of recovery of left ventricular developed pressure × heart rate) was exacerbated in mice deficient in Gpx1 (51 ± 3% for Gpx1+/+ mice versus 31 ± 6% for Gpx1-/- mice, P < 0.05). Administration of melatonin for 30 min protected against I/R injury in both Gpx1+/+ mice (72 ± 4.8%) and Gpx1-/- mice (63 ± 4.7%). This protection was accompanied by a significant improvement in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and a twofold decrease in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level released from melatonin-treated hearts. In another set of experiments, mice were subjected to 50 min of ligation of the left descending anterior coronary artery in vivo followed by 4 hr of reperfusion. The infarct sizes, expressed as the percentage of the area at risk, were significantly larger in Gpx1-/- mice than in Gpx1+/+ mice (75 ± 9% versus 54 ± 6%, P < 0.05) and were reduced significantly in melatonin-treated mice (31 ± 3.7% Gpx1-/- mice and 33 ± 6.0% Gpx1+/+ mice). In hearts subjected to 30 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 hr of reperfusion, melatonin-treated hearts had significantly fewer in situ oligo ligation-positive myocytes and less protein nitration. Our results demonstrate that the cardioprotective function of melatonin is independent of Gpx1.

Cerium oxide has been used extensively for various applications over the past two decades. The use of cerium oxide nanoparticles is beneficial in present applications and can open avenues for future applications. The present study utilizes the microemulsion technique to synthesize uniformly distributed cerium oxide nanoparticles. The same technique was also used to synthesize cerium oxide nanoparticles doped with trivalent elements (La and Nd). The fundamental study of cerium oxide nanoparticles identified variations in properties as a function of particle size and also due to doping with trivalent elements (La and Nd). It was found that the lattice parameter of cerium oxide nanoparticles increases with decrease in particle size. Also Raman allowed mode shift to lower energies and the peak at 464 cm-1 becomes broader and asymmetric. The size dependent changes in cerium oxide were correlated to increase in oxygen vacancy concentration in the cerium oxide lattice. The doping of cerium oxide nanoparticles with trivalent elements introduces more oxygen vacancies and expands the cerium oxide lattice further (in addition to the lattice expansion due to the size effect). The lattice expansion is greater for La-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles compared to Nd-doping due to the larger ionic radius of La compared to Nd, the lattice expansion is directly proportional to the dopant concentration. The synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles were used to develop an electrochemical biosensor of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The sensor was useful to detect H2O2 concentrations as low as 1µM in water. Also the preliminary testing of the sensor on tomato stem and leaf extracts indicated that the sensor can be used in practical applications such as plant physiological studies etc. The nanomolar concentrations of cerium oxide nanoparticles were also found to be useful in decreasing ROS (reactive oxygen species) mediated cellular damages in various in vitro cell cultures. Cerium oxide nanoparticles reduced the cellular damages to the normal breast epithelial cell line (CRL 8798) induced by X-rays and to the Keratinocyte cell line induced by UV irradiation. Cerium oxide nanoparticles were also found to be neuroprotective to adult rat spinal cord and retinal neurons. We propose that cerium oxide nanoparticles act as free radical scavenger (via redox reactions on its surface) to decrease the ROS induced cellular damages. Additionally, UV-visible spectroscopic studies indicated that cerium oxide nanoparticles possess auto-regenerative property by switching its oxidation state between Ce3+ and Ce4+. The auto-regenerative antioxidant property of these nanoparticles appears to be a key component in all the biological applications discussed in the present study.

Orientador: Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T02:48:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barreto_GiselaPizarrodeMattos_D.pdf: 1819752 bytes, checksum: 73ae705ff5b48a9b194ef27159fe6ab1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O aumento da demanda dos consumidores por maior qualidade de vida tem impulsionado o interesse da indústria de alimentos pelo segmento de alimentos funcionais, definidos como qualquer alimento com potencial para conferir benefícios à saúde do consumidor. Os compostos bioativos, como os carotenóides, compostos fenólicos e ácido ascórbico, presentes em alimentos estão envolvidos nestas ações benéficas. Inicialmente, foi realizado um estudo com alguns padrões de carotenóides, que não somente apresentam atividade anti-radical livre como também são responsáveis pela cor de vários alimentos. Foi avaliado o comportamento destes carotenóides, em diferentes concentrações, em relação à sua atividade anti-radical livre (ABTS) e parâmetros de cor CIELAB. Os resultados revelaram que, o número de ligações duplas conjugadas e a presença do grupo carbonila influenciaram tanto na atividade anti-radical livre como nos parâmetros de cor dos carotenóides, assim como a concentração. Posteriormente, para a determinação da atividade anti-radical livre de extratos complexos, pelo método ABTS, foram preparadas no laboratório extratos de polpas de 18 frutas tropicais, aplicando análises estatísticas multivariadas, especificamente Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e Análise Hierárquica de Agrupamentos (AHA), para caracterizar e agrupar as 18 polpas de frutas e verificar a correlação entre atividade anti-radical livre e alguns constituintes químicos que apresentam funcionalidade como ácido ascórbico, compostos fenólicos, flavonóides e carotenóides totais. As frutas foram agrupadas em 5 grupos, segundo análise hierárquica de agrupamentos (AHA). Na Análise de Componentes Principais, observou-se que a atividade antioxidante apresentou alta correlação com os fenóis (r = 0,99) e flavonóides (r = 0,86) totais, porém apresentou baixa correlação com ácido ascórbico (r = 0,02) e carotenóides totais (r= 0,08). Em especial, foi estudado o caju, pois, o processamento de suco a partir do pseudofruto (pedúnculo) de caju gera como subproduto um bagaço, que constitui uma rica fonte de compostos fenólicos, ácido ascórbico (AA) e carotenóides. Considerando que este bagaço pode ser transformado para produzir ingredientes funcionais, o caju clone CCP-076, proveniente da Estação Experimental de Paraipaba (CE) da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, foi prensado e o bagaço obtido foi umidificado e novamente prensado até exaustão (retentado), sendo a fase líquida filtrada (extrato bruto) e concentrada (extrato concentrado). O retentado apresentou maior teor de fenóis totais, de carotenóides totais e de atividade anti-radical livre, além de apresentar cor amarela mais intensa. Por outro lado, o extrato concentrado apresentou o maior teor de AA. Os principais carotenóides encontrados, tanto no retentado como nos extratos, foram all-trans-b- criptoxantina e all-trans-b-caroteno. Uma outra fruta também analisada em separado foi o mamão papaia (Carica papaya cv. Golden) que tem uma grande demanda de exportação para os mercados da América do Norte e Europa; entretanto, é uma fruta climatérica sendo susceptível a perdas após a colheita. O mamão-papaia foi dividido em três grupos: controle (sem tratamento), etileno (tratamento com etileno) e 1- metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) (tratamento com 1-MCP). A composição de carotenóides e os parâmetros de cor de todos os grupos foram determinados durante o amadurecimento da fruta. A presença do gás etileno e 1-MCP reduziram o teor de carotenóides e favoreceram a biossíntese de carotenóides acíclicos. Entretanto, mesmo com menor teor de carotenóides que o grupo controle, os valores de cor (a*, b*) foram similares nos três grupos durante o amadurecimento / Abstract: The increased demand for high life quality has been associated to healthy food, increasing the industry interest for functional foods, which are defined as any food or bioactive compounds with potential to be benefic for the consumer health. The bioactive compounds found in foods, such as carotenoids, phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid (AA) are involved with these benefic actions. Firstly, some carotenoid standards in different concentrations were evaluated regarding not only their radical scavenger activity, but also their color parameters (CIELAB), since these pigments are responsible for the color of many foods. The results showed that the number of conjugated double bonds, presence of carbonyl group and concentration influenced both the radical scavenger activity and the color parameters. After that, the radical scavenger activity of complex extracts were determined, by ABTS assay, obtained from pulps extracts prepared in the laboratory from 18 tropical fruit applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) to characterize and grouped the 18 extracts, as well as to correlate radical scavenger and the bioactive compounds, such as AA, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and total carotenoids. The fruits were divided into five groups, following Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that antioxidant activity showed high correlation to total phenolic compounds (r= 0.99) and flavonoids (r= 0.86); however, correlation was found to be very poor with AA (r= 0.02) and total carotenoid levels (r= 0.08). The cashew-apple was specially evaluated since the processing of juice from the cashew-apple fruit generates a pomace that constitutes a rich source of phenolic compounds, AA and carotenoids. Considering that this pomace can be processed into functional ingredients, the cashew-apple clone CCP-076, from Estação Experimental de Paraipaba (CE) at Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, was pressed and than the pomace formed was humidified and pressed again until exhaustion (retentado), followed by filtration (raw extract) and concentration (concentrated extract). The retentado presented significantly higher total phenol and total carotenoid contents, higher free radical scavenger activity, as well as higher yellow color intensity, indicated by higher b* and chroma (C*) values. On the other hand, the concentrated extract showed the highest AA content. The major carotenoids identified in both retentado and extracts were all-trans-b-cryptoxanthin and all-trans-b-carotene. These results showed that the retentado has a good potential to be applied as a functional ingredient. Another fruit also specially analyzed was the papaya fruit (Carica papaya cv. Golden) that has a great export demand to North American and Europe markets; however, since it is a climacteric fruit, it is susceptible to postharvest losses. The papaya fruits were divided into three groups: control (without treatment), ethylene (treated with ethylene) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) (treated with 1-MCP). In all groups, carotenoid composition, carried out by HPLC, and color parameters were evaluated during ripening. The treatment with ethylene and 1-MCP decreased carotenoid accumulation and enhanced acyclic carotenoid biosynthesis. Although the gas treated fruits presented lower carotenoid content as compared to the control, the color values (a*, b*) were similar in treated and non-treated fruits during ripening / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos