This thesis provides a comparison of causative mechanisms between two languages: Czech and French. The aim of this research is to reveal expressions that contain a causative meaning in Czech and to analyze which of them are truly equivalent to the French causative construction faire + infinitive. This work classifies general causative mechanisms, according to their nature, between synthetic (prefix, lexical expressions) and analytic (French complex predicate faire + infinitive, periphrastic constructions, separate clauses) and focuses on the French construction by describing its syntactical and semantic specificity. This causative construction is the basis of a parallel research in corpora InterCorp, a technical tool which helps excerpt authentic texts. Additionally, it is attempted to clarify and classify the usage of the Czech equivalents and search for factors that influence their choice with an eye on the source language.

Šiame magistro darbe analizuojamos konceptualiosios metaforos, atrinktos iš Europos Sąjungos dokumentų tekstyno anglų ir lietuvių kalbomis, ir jų vertimas. Oficialiuose tekstuose paprastai nesitikima rasti daug kalbos gražinimo priemonių, tokių kaip metaforos. Tačiau jos yra sudėtinė visų kalbų dalis, o konceptualioji yra ypatinga tuo, kad gali būti prigijusi pačiose netikėčiausiose srityse, ir, jei neatliekami tam tikri tyrimai, gali likti nepastebėta. Darbe apibrėžta metaforos samprata, nurodomos jos rūšys. Išskiriama konceptualioji metafora ir kelios jos klasifikacijos – pagal konvencionalumą, atliekamą funkciją (skirstomos į struktūrines, ontologines ir erdvines) ir apibrėžtumo laipsnį. Aprašius atrankos būdus ir kriterijus, dažniniuose dvižodžių ir trižodžių junginių sąrašuose atrinktos konceptualiosios metaforos. Kiekviena pagal atliekamą funkciją priskirta struktūrinėms, ontologinėms arba erdvinėms. Lygiagrečiajame anglų-lietuvių kalbų ES dokumentų tekstyne buvo ieškoma kiekvienos konceptualiosios metaforos vertimo, siekiant nustatyti, ar junginiai išlaikė savo konceptualumą; ar jį įgijo tik vertime; ar vertime jis pranyko. Nustatyta, kad iš dažniausiai pasikartojančių ES dokumentų tekstyne konceptualiųjų metaforų anglų ir lietuvių kalbomis vertime išlieka didžioji dalis, tai yra atitinkamai 61% ir 69%. Tipiškiausios, dažniausiai vartojamos konceptualiosios metaforos lygiagrečiajame tekstyne verčiamos labai vienodai. / This research is based on conceptual metaphors that were manually extracted from the English-Lithuanian corpus of European Union documents, the translation was analyzed. Normally it is uncommon to find many figures of speech in official texts, but metaphor is a component of all languages. The conceptual metaphor is naturalized in most uncommon areas without being noticed unless specifically investigated. Conception of metaphor and its types are defined in this work. Conceptual metaphor is presented, as well as possible classifications – by conventionality, by cognitive function they perform (classified into structural, ontological and orientational metaphors) as well as generality of metaphor. After presenting the identification criteria and methods, conceptual metaphors were extracted from the frequency lists of two-word and three-word combinations. Each conceptual metaphor was analyzed and classified as structural, ontological or orientational in accordance with the functions they perform. Translation of each metaphor was located in the English-Lithuanian parallel corpus of EU documents, in order to determine if the combinations retained their conceptuality; if it was obtained only in translation; if it vanished in translation. It was discovered that the majority of the most frequently used English and Lithuanian conceptual metaphors remained in translation, 61% and 69% respectively. The most typical, most frequently used conceptual metaphors are translated in the parallel... [to full text]