Simultaneous two-point three-component four-sensor hot-wire velocity measurements taken in three flows of aeroacoustic interest are here analyzed. The analyses provide information on the turbulence structure of the flows as it would be encountered by hypothetical noise producing blades passing through the flows. Two-point measurements taken in the first flow, a lifting wake from a rectangular NACA 0012 half wing, are used to calculate space-time correlation functions and 'pointwise' wave number frequency spectra. Two upwash spectra, calculated for locations in the region of the wake that is roughly homogenous in the spanwise direction, are direct estimates of the full wave number frequency spectra at their locations. As such, they are used to perform aeroacoustic calculations, and the results are compared to results achieved using the von Kármán isotropic spectrum. Amiet's approximation, where the wave number frequency spectra can be represented by the correlation length scales is found to hold reasonably well for the measured spectra. The two-point measurements in the second flow, a vortex/blade-tip interaction, are analyzed to provide information useful to researchers of blade-wake interaction noise produced by helicopter rotors. Space-time correlation functions and wave number frequency spectra are calculated for five cuts through the region of interaction. The correlation functions provide information concerning the turbulence length scales found in the interaction region. The spectra are compared to the von Kármán isotropic spectrum and found to be greatly different. However, the spectra do bear some resemblance to spectra calculated in the spanwise homogenous region of the lifting wake. The two-point measurements taken in the third flow, the wake from a fan cascade, are analyzed to provide information of use to modelers of broadband noise produced through rotor wake/stator interactions. In particular, space-time correlation functions are calculated for a grid of two-point measurements, which allows the estimation of the turbulence structure as seen by a passing stator blade. Space-time correlation functions and wave number frequency spectra are calculated for various stator configurations. The implications of engine operating speed and stator configuration for broadband noise production are discussed. <i> [Vita removed March 2, 2012. GMc]</i> / Master of Science

The distribution of the expressed genotype is moved around in the population over time byevolution. Natural selection is one of the forces that act on the phenotype to change the patterns ofnucleotide variation underlying those distributions. How the phenotype changes over aheterogeneous environment describes the type of evolutionary force acting on this trait and thisshould be reflected in the variation at loci underlying this trait. While the variation in phenotypesand at the nucleotide level in a population indicates the same evolutionary force, it does notnecessarily mean that they are connected. In natural populations the continuous shifting of geneticmaterial through recombination events break down possible associations between loci facilitates theexamination of possible causal loci to single base pair differences in DNA-sequences. Connecting thegenotype and the phenotype thus provides an important step in the understanding the geneticarchitecture of complex traits and the forces that shape the observed patterns.This thesis examines the European aspen, Populus tremula, sampled from subpopulations overan extensive latitudinal gradient covering most of Sweden. Results show a clear geneticdifferentiation in the timing of bud set, a measure of the autumnal cessation of growth, betweendifferent parts of Sweden pointing at local adaptation. In the search for candidate genes thatunderlie the local adaptation found, most genes (25) in the photoperiodic gene network wereexamined for signals of selection. Genes in the photoperiodic network show an increase in theheterogeneity of differentiation between sampled subpopulations in Sweden. Almost half (12) of theexamined genes are under some form of selection. Eight of these genes show positive directionalselection on protein evolution and the gene that code for a photoreceptor, responsible for mediatingchanging light conditions to downstream targets in the network, has the hallmarks of a selectivesweep. The negative correlation between positive directional selection and synonymous diversityindicates that the majority of the photoperiod gene network has undergone recurrent selectivesweeps. A phenomenon that likely has occurred when P. tremula has readapted to the northern lightregimes during population expansion following retracting ice between periods of glaciations. Two ofthe genes under selection also have single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that associate with budset, two in the PHYB2 gene and one in the LHY2 gene. Furthermore, there is an additional SNP inLHY1 that explain part of the variation in timing of bud set, despite the lack of a signal of selection atthe LHY1 gene. Together these SNPs explain 10-15% of the variation in the timing of bud set and 20-30% more if accounting for the positive co-variances between SNPs. There is thus rather extensiveevidence that genes in the photoperiod gene network control the timing of bud set, and reflect localadaptation in this trait.

Orientador: Renato Pavanello / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T16:29:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PaucarCasas_WalterJesus_D.pdf: 11209231 bytes, checksum: ed76027cff17f4a62e9dfcff2f0e03d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: Neste trabalho desenvolveram-se metodologias para a obtenção de formas ótimas em sistemas vibroacústicos acoplados, via mudança de parâmetros geométricos, usando a análise de sensibilidade e ferramentas de programação não linear. As equações matriciais do problema são determinadas com o método dos elementos finitos, e expostas de forma a se tornarem dependentes dos parâmetros estruturais. Uma formulação não simétrica em deslocamento da estrutura e pressão do fluido é utilizada para descrever o sistema. Obtidas as freqüências e modos próprios para um conjunto de parâmetros, executa-se o processo de otimização usando a análise de sensibilidade modal. O objetivo é maximizar o afastamento de freqüências naturais adjacentes, ou diminuir a resposta numa região do sistema para uma faixa predefinida de freqüências de excitação, modificando para isso os parâmetros de forma. O efeito do amortecimento proporcional é incluído na modelagem. Os resultados obtidos são validados a partir de soluções numéricas disponíveis na literatura. A utilização da predição modal no processo de otimização também é analisada. A implementação da metodologia desenvolvida encontra aplicação, por exemplo, na melhora do conforto vibroacústico / Abstract: In this research some methodologies for obtaining optimal forms in coupled vibroacoustic problems are developed, through geometrical parameter changing, using sensitivity analysis and non linear programming tools. The matrix equations of the problem are determined through the finite element method, and then put in such a form that they become functions of the structural parameters. A non symmetrical formulation in structural displacement and tluid pressure is used to describe the system. Once the natural frequencies and modes for a set of parameters are found, the optimization process is conducted using the modal sensitivity analysis. The objective is either to maximize the gap between some adjacent natural frequencies,or to minimizethe frequency response in a specific region of the system for one set of excitation frequencies.This is done by modifying the shape parameters. The effect of proportional damping is included in the model. The results are validated with numerical solutions available in the literature. Additional results using the modal prediction in the optimization are also analyzed. The implemented methodology can be applied, for example, in the improvement of the vibroacoustic confort / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Joint Program in Physical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-187). / A simple dynamic model is used with various observations to provide an approximate spectral description of low frequency oceanic variability. Such a spectrum has wide application in oceanography, including the optimal design of observational strategy for the deployment of floats, the study of Lagrangian statistics and the estimate of uncertainty for heat content and mass flux. Analytic formulas for the frequency and wavenumber spectra of any physical variable, and for the cross spectra between any two different variables for each vertical mode of the simple dynamic model are derived. No heat transport exists in the model. No momentum flux exists either if the energy distribution is isotropic. It is found that all model spectra are related to each other through the frequency and wavenumber spectrum of the stream-function for each mode, ... , where ... represent horizontal wavenumbers, w stands for frequency, n is vertical mode number, and ... are latitude and longitude, respectively. Given ... , any model spectrum can be estimated. In this study, an inverse problem is faced: ... is unknown; however, some observational spectra are available. I want to estimate ... if it exists. Estimated spectra of the low frequency variability are derived from various measurements: (i) The vertical structure of and kinetic energy and potential energy is inferred from current meter and temperature mooring measurements, respectively. (ii) Satellite altimetry measurements produce the geographic distributions of surface kinetic energy magnitude and the frequency and wavenumber spectra of sea surface height. (iii) XBT measurements yield the temperature wavenumber spectra and their depth dependence. (v) Current meter and temperature mooring measurements provide the frequency spectra of horizontal velocities and temperature. It is found that a simple form for ... does exist and an analytical formula for a geographically varying ... is constructed. Only the energy magnitude depends on location. The wavenumber spectral shape, frequency spectral shape and vertical mode structure are universal. This study shows that motion within the large-scale low-frequency spectral band is primarily governed by quasigeostrophic dynamics and all observations can be simplified as a certain function of ... The low frequency variability is a broad-band process and Rossby waves are particular parts of it. Although they are an incomplete description of oceanic variability in the North Pacific, real oceanic motions with energy levels varying from about 10-40% of the total in each frequency band are indistinguishable from the simplest theoretical Rossby wave description. At higher latitudes, as the linear waves slow, they disappear altogether. Non-equatorial latitudes display some energy with frequencies too high for consistency with linear theory; this energy produces a positive bias if a lumped average westward phase speed is computed for all the motions present. / by Xiaoyun Zang. / Ph.D.