Hlavní cíl této práce je vyvinout pokročilý výpočtový model dynamiky pístové skupiny. Kontakt mezi pístem a válcem je zprostředkován skrz vrstvu maziva nebo pomocí kontaktu nerovností. To vede k různým režimům mazání, tudíž k různým silovým interakcím působících na plochy kontaktní dvojice. Během řešení hydrodynamiky a kontaktu nerovností, je nutné zahrnout deformaci pístu a válce do výpočtu—přirozeně iterační proces. Jelikož požadavky na výpočtovou síť kontaktních sil a deformaci těles se liší, byl navržen robustní mapovací algoritmus. Výsledky vyvinutého výpočtového nástroje jsou experimentálně verifikovány. Pro tento účel je uskutečněno měření sekundárního pohybu pístu pomocí laserových snímačů vzdálenosti. Měření je vykonáno na experimentálním motoru s bočním vedením ventilů a průhlednou hlavou válce, aby byl přítomen kompresní tlak ve spalovací komoře. Naměřený boční pohyb pístů je znehodnocen. Proto je další analýze potrobeno pouze úhlové natočení pístů. Shoda mezi naměřenými a vypočítanými výsledky variuje pro různé části pracovního cyklu. Dobrá shoda je dosažena během komprese a expanze. Naopak výrazné rozdíly nastávají, když boční síla dosahuje nízkých hodnot: sání a výfuk. Hlavní přínos této práce je vytvoření výpočtového nástroje, který je schopný zahrnout výše popisované jevy, které mají podstatný vliv na dynamiku pístové skupiny. Bohužel to vede k dlouhým výpočtovým časům, zvláště když je zahrnuta deformace. Tento problém řeší navržený paralelní výpočet. To je založeno na paralelizaci podprogramu během vyčíslování citlivostní analýzy. Tímto způsobem je řádově redukován výpočtový čas.

The power output characteristics of the hydro turbine is one of the core contents for transient calculation of the hydro turbine generating sets (HTGS). In particular, the hydro turbine operates far beyond the given parameters region during the load rejection transient. As such, obtaining the complete characteristics of the hydro turbine becomes one of the key issues in calculating the transient process. In this study, methods for calculating the energy losses are proposed by analyzing the general characteristics of the inner energy losses within the hydro turbine. Characteristic parameters in the hydro turbine power model are calculated from the synthetical characteristics of the model hydro turbine. The transient power model of the hydro turbine has been established and applied to calculate and reconstruct the complete characteristics of the hydro turbine. Furthermore, the relationship curve between the mechanical friction loss power and the rotation speed under different head can be established by combing the runaway curve with the proposed turbine power model. This relationship is applied to construct the complete characteristics of the mechanical friction loss. Combining the proposed two complete characteristics, the power model of the hydro turbine is suitable for simulation with a wide range of fluctuations as well as the load rejection transient. Details of the computational procedures are presented and demonstrated using a case study. / The research reported here is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51579124, 51469011,51279071.

The goal is to investigate the influence of eccentricity on the force between the piston and the cylinder liner and the influence on balancing of the crank mechanism. For a selected eccentricity suggest a balancing method and perform stress analysis of crankshaft considering torsional vibration. Eccentricity is chosen by the ratio of centric and eccentric mechanism of friction work. The paper shows the effect of eccentricity on the selected kinematics values. Stress analysis is done in the software ANSYS. Using selected eccentricity the friction work was reduced by 10 %.

V rámci této práce byl vyvinut komplexní simulační nástroj, vycházející z výpočtového modelování fyzikálních a chemických dějů, který je doplněn vhodnými matematickými postupy. Výsledný software je schopen stanovit ztrátový výkon sady pístních kroužků pomocí účinků klíčových mechanismů a jejich vzájemné interakce při standardním provozu pístních kroužků. Simulační výstupy byly navrženy v souladu se zájmy průmyslové praxe, např. určení objemového toku plynů pístní skupinou, ztrátové výkony vlivem tření a spotřeba oleje, která je ovlivněna sadou pístních kroužků. Při vývoji simulačního modelu byly technické experimenty vykonány na tříválcovém zážehovém motoru za účelem získání vstupních dat a ověření výsledků. Možnosti navrženého simulačního nástroje jsou na tomto motoru dále demonstrovány v podobě parametrických studií, využitelných zejména při návrhovém procesu. Cílem dizertační práce bylo zaplnit mezeru ve výzkumné oblasti simulačních nástrojů, které mohou účinně propojit výpočtové modelování třecích ztrát a současně i spotřeby oleje, a podpořit tak výrobce pístních kroužků a vývojová oddělení spalovacích motorů.

lthough extensive research work has been carried out on the drag reduction behavior of polymers and surfactants alone, little progress has been made on the synergistic effects of combined polymers and surfactants. A number of studies have demonstrated that certain types of polymers and surfactants interact with each other to form surfactant-polymer complexes. The formation of such complexes can cause changes in the solution properties and may result in better drag reduction characteristics as compared with pure additives. A series of drag-reducing surfactants and polymers were screened for the synergistic studies. The following two widely used polymeric drag reducing agents (DRA) were chosen: a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate (referred to as PAM) and polyethylene oxide (PEO). Among the different types of surfactants screened, a cationic surfactant octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAC) and an anionic surfactant Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were selected for the synergistic study. In the case of the cationic surfactant OTAC, sodium salicylate (NaSal) was used as a counterion. No counterion was used with anionic surfactant SDS. The physical properties such as viscosity, surface tension and electrical conductivity were measured in order to detect any interaction between the polymer and the surfactant. The drag reduction (DR) ability of both pure and mixed additives was investigated in a pipeline flow loop. The effects of different parameters such as additive concentration, type of water (deionized (DI) or tap), temperature, tube diameter, and mechanical degradation were investigated. The addition of OTAC to PAM solution has a significant effect on the properties of the system. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the mixed surfactant-polymer system is found to be different from that of the surfactant alone. The anionic PAM chains collapse upon the addition of cationic OTAC and a substantial decrease in the viscosity occurs. The pipeline flow behaviour of PAM/OTAC mixtures is found to be consistent with the bench scale results. The drag reduction ability of PAM is reduced upon the addition of OTAC. At low concentrations of PAM, the effect of OTAC on the drag reduction behavior is more pronounced. The drag reduction behavior of polymer solutions is strongly influenced by the nature of water (de-ionized or tap). The addition of OTAC to PEO solution exhibited a week interaction based on the viscosity and surface tension measurements. However, the pipeline results showed a considerable synergistic effect, that is, the mixed system gave a significantly higher drag reduction (lower friction factors) as compared with the pure additives (pure polymer or pure surfactant). The synergistic effect in the mixed system was stronger at low polymer concentrations and high surfactant concentrations. Also the resistance against mechanical degradation of the additive was improved upon the addition of OTAC to PEO. The mixed PEO/SDS system exhibited a strong interaction between the polymers (PEO) and the surfactant (SDS), Using electrical conductivity and surface tension measurements, the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and the polymer saturation point (PSP) were determined. As the PEO concentration is increased, the CAC decreases and the PSP increase. The addition of SDS to the PEO solution exhibits a remarkable increase in the relative viscosity compared to the pure PEO solution. This increase is attributed to the changes in the hydrodynamic radius of the polymer coil. The pipeline flow exhibited a considerable increase in DR for the mixed system as compared to the pure PEO solution. The addition of surfactant always improves the extent of DR up to the PSP. Also the mixed PEO/ SDS system shows better resistance against shear degradation of the additive.

lthough extensive research work has been carried out on the drag reduction behavior of polymers and surfactants alone, little progress has been made on the synergistic effects of combined polymers and surfactants. A number of studies have demonstrated that certain types of polymers and surfactants interact with each other to form surfactant-polymer complexes. The formation of such complexes can cause changes in the solution properties and may result in better drag reduction characteristics as compared with pure additives. A series of drag-reducing surfactants and polymers were screened for the synergistic studies. The following two widely used polymeric drag reducing agents (DRA) were chosen: a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate (referred to as PAM) and polyethylene oxide (PEO). Among the different types of surfactants screened, a cationic surfactant octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAC) and an anionic surfactant Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were selected for the synergistic study. In the case of the cationic surfactant OTAC, sodium salicylate (NaSal) was used as a counterion. No counterion was used with anionic surfactant SDS. The physical properties such as viscosity, surface tension and electrical conductivity were measured in order to detect any interaction between the polymer and the surfactant. The drag reduction (DR) ability of both pure and mixed additives was investigated in a pipeline flow loop. The effects of different parameters such as additive concentration, type of water (deionized (DI) or tap), temperature, tube diameter, and mechanical degradation were investigated. The addition of OTAC to PAM solution has a significant effect on the properties of the system. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the mixed surfactant-polymer system is found to be different from that of the surfactant alone. The anionic PAM chains collapse upon the addition of cationic OTAC and a substantial decrease in the viscosity occurs. The pipeline flow behaviour of PAM/OTAC mixtures is found to be consistent with the bench scale results. The drag reduction ability of PAM is reduced upon the addition of OTAC. At low concentrations of PAM, the effect of OTAC on the drag reduction behavior is more pronounced. The drag reduction behavior of polymer solutions is strongly influenced by the nature of water (de-ionized or tap). The addition of OTAC to PEO solution exhibited a week interaction based on the viscosity and surface tension measurements. However, the pipeline results showed a considerable synergistic effect, that is, the mixed system gave a significantly higher drag reduction (lower friction factors) as compared with the pure additives (pure polymer or pure surfactant). The synergistic effect in the mixed system was stronger at low polymer concentrations and high surfactant concentrations. Also the resistance against mechanical degradation of the additive was improved upon the addition of OTAC to PEO. The mixed PEO/SDS system exhibited a strong interaction between the polymers (PEO) and the surfactant (SDS), Using electrical conductivity and surface tension measurements, the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and the polymer saturation point (PSP) were determined. As the PEO concentration is increased, the CAC decreases and the PSP increase. The addition of SDS to the PEO solution exhibits a remarkable increase in the relative viscosity compared to the pure PEO solution. This increase is attributed to the changes in the hydrodynamic radius of the polymer coil. The pipeline flow exhibited a considerable increase in DR for the mixed system as compared to the pure PEO solution. The addition of surfactant always improves the extent of DR up to the PSP. Also the mixed PEO/ SDS system shows better resistance against shear degradation of the additive.

This diploma thesis deals with pressure losses in heating systems. The diploma thesis is divided into three sections. The first part is theoretical and deals with the occurrence of pressure losses. It discusses the properties of the fluid that affect pressure losses. It also deals with hydrodynamic phenomena, flow distribution, pressure loss distribution and its calculations. The aim of the second part, which is practical, was to create a heating project for a selected object. The object is a two-floor kindergarten building located in Velké Němčice. For this project, two heating variants were created. For the first variant, radiators and heating benches were designed and for the second variant, underfloor heating was installed in the building. The goal was to use a source which will gain heat mainly from renewable sources, so the air / water heat pump was chosen as the source of heat production. The project ends with a technical report. The third part of the thesis is dedicated to an experiment which purpose was to find out how the pressure losses of the connecting pieces are reacting to the change with the change of the heating water conditions (flow, temperature). Alongside, two pipes were created which differed in the type of connecting pieces so it allowed to compare how their pressure losses differ. Both pipes were connected by radial pressing, but the fittings differed in the quality of the brass, and therefore in the construction. Also, part of the experimental section of the diploma thesis is a description of the course of radial pressing of fittings from the Herz company.