With the escalating number of vehicles on the road, great concerns are drawn to the large amount of fossil fuels they use and the detrimental environmental impacts from their emissions. A lot of research and development have been conducted to explore the alternative energy sources. The fuel cell has been widely considered as one of the most promising solutions in automobile applications due to its high energy density, zero emissions and sustainable fuels it employs. However, the cost and low power density of the fuel cell are the major obstacles for its commercialization. This thesis designs a novel converter topology and proposes the control method applied in the Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles (FCHVs) to minimize the fuel cell's cost and optimize the system's efficiency. Unlike the previous work, the converters presented in the thesis greatly reduce the costs of hardware and energy losses during switching. They need only three Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) to smoothly accomplish the energy management in the cold start, acceleration, steady state and braking modes. In the converter design, a boost converter connects the fuel cell to the DC bus because the fuel cell's voltage is usually lower than the rating voltage of the motor. In this way, the fuel cell's size can be reduced. So is the cost. With the same reason, the bidirectional converter connected to the ultracapacitor works at the buck pattern when the power is delivered from the DC bus to the ultracapacitor, and the boost converter is selected when the ultracapacitor provides the peaking power to the load. Therefore, the two switches of the bi-directional converter don't work complementarily but in different modes according to the power flow's direction. Due to the converters' simple structure, the switches' duty cycles are mathematically analyzed and the forward control method is described. The fuel cell is designed to work in its most efficient range producing the average power, while the ultracapacitor provides the peaking power and recaptures the braking power. The simulation results are presented to verify the feasibility of the converter design and control algorithm.

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<p>In this thesis, direct hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems in vehicles are investigated through modelling, field tests and public acceptance surveys.</p><p>A computer model of a 50 kW PEM fuel cell system was developed. The fuel cell system efficiency is approximately 50% between 10 and 45% of the rated power. The fuel cell auxiliary system,<i> e.g.</i> compressor and pumps, was shown to clearly affect the overall fuel cell system electrical efficiency. Two hydrogen on-board storage options, compressed and cryogenic hydrogen, were modelled for the above-mentioned system. Results show that the release of compressed gaseous hydrogen needs approximately 1 kW of heat, which can be managed internally with heat from the fuel cell stack. In the case of cryogenic hydrogen, the estimated heat demand of 13 kW requires an extra heat source. </p><p>A phase change based (PCM) thermal management solution to keep a 50 kW PEM fuel cell stack warm during dormancy in a cold climate (-20 °C) was investigated through simulation and experiments. It was shown that a combination of PCM (salt hydrate or paraffin wax) and vacuum insulation materials was able to keep a fuel cell stack from freezing for about three days. This is a simple and potentially inexpensive solution, although development on issues such as weight, volume and encapsulation materials is needed </p><p>Two different vehicle platforms, fuel cell vehicles and fuel cell hybrid vehicles, were used to study the fuel consumption and the air, water and heat management of the fuel cell system under varying operating conditions, <i>e.g.</i> duty cycles and ambient conditions. For a compact vehicle, with a 50 kW fuel cell system, the fuel consumption was significantly reduced, ~ 50 %, compared to a gasoline-fuelled vehicle of similar size. A bus with 200 kW fuel cell system was studied and compared to a diesel bus of comparable size. The fuel consumption of the fuel cell bus displayed a reduction of 33-37 %. The performance of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle,<i> i.e.</i> a 50 kW fuel cell system and a 12 Ah power-assist battery pack in series configuration, was studied. The simulation results show that the vehicle fuel consumption increases with 10-19 % when the altitude increases from 0 to 3000 m. As expected, the air compressor with its load-following strategy was found to be the main parasitic power (~ 40 % of the fuel cell system net power output at the altitude of 3000 m). Ambient air temperature and relative humidity affect mostly the fuel cell system heat management but also its water balance. In designing the system, factors such as control strategy, duty cycles and ambient conditions need to taken into account.</p><p>An evaluation of the performance and maintenance of three fuel cell buses in operation in Stockholm in the demonstration project Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) was performed. The availability of the buses was high, over 85 % during the summer months and even higher availability during the fall of 2004. Cold climate-caused failures, totalling 9 % of all fuel cell propulsion system failures, did not involve the fuel cell stacks but the auxiliary system. The fuel consumption was however rather high at 7.5 L diesel equivalents/10km (per July 2004). This is thought to be, to some extent, due to the robust but not energy-optimized powertrain of the buses. Hybridization in future design may have beneficial effects on the fuel consumption. </p><p>Surveys towards hydrogen and fuel cell technology of more than 500 fuel cell bus passengers on route 66 and 23 fuel cell bus drivers in Stockholm were performed. The passengers were in general positive towards fuel cell buses and felt safe with the technology. Newspapers and bus stops were the main sources of information on the fuel cell bus project, but more information was wanted. Safety, punctuality and frequency were rated as the most important factors in the choice of public transportation means. The environment was also rated as an important factor. More than half of the bus passengers were nevertheless unwilling to pay a higher fee for introducing more fuel cell buses in Stockholm’s public transportation. The drivers were positive to the fuel cell bus project, stating that the fuel cell buses were better than diesel buses with respect to pollutant emissions from the exhausts, smell and general passenger comfort. Also, driving experience, acceleration and general comfort for the driver were reported to be better than or similar to those of a conventional bus.</p>

In this thesis, direct hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems in vehicles are investigated through modelling, field tests and public acceptance surveys. A computer model of a 50 kW PEM fuel cell system was developed. The fuel cell system efficiency is approximately 50% between 10 and 45% of the rated power. The fuel cell auxiliary system, e.g. compressor and pumps, was shown to clearly affect the overall fuel cell system electrical efficiency. Two hydrogen on-board storage options, compressed and cryogenic hydrogen, were modelled for the above-mentioned system. Results show that the release of compressed gaseous hydrogen needs approximately 1 kW of heat, which can be managed internally with heat from the fuel cell stack. In the case of cryogenic hydrogen, the estimated heat demand of 13 kW requires an extra heat source. A phase change based (PCM) thermal management solution to keep a 50 kW PEM fuel cell stack warm during dormancy in a cold climate (-20 °C) was investigated through simulation and experiments. It was shown that a combination of PCM (salt hydrate or paraffin wax) and vacuum insulation materials was able to keep a fuel cell stack from freezing for about three days. This is a simple and potentially inexpensive solution, although development on issues such as weight, volume and encapsulation materials is needed Two different vehicle platforms, fuel cell vehicles and fuel cell hybrid vehicles, were used to study the fuel consumption and the air, water and heat management of the fuel cell system under varying operating conditions, e.g. duty cycles and ambient conditions. For a compact vehicle, with a 50 kW fuel cell system, the fuel consumption was significantly reduced, ~ 50 %, compared to a gasoline-fuelled vehicle of similar size. A bus with 200 kW fuel cell system was studied and compared to a diesel bus of comparable size. The fuel consumption of the fuel cell bus displayed a reduction of 33-37 %. The performance of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle, i.e. a 50 kW fuel cell system and a 12 Ah power-assist battery pack in series configuration, was studied. The simulation results show that the vehicle fuel consumption increases with 10-19 % when the altitude increases from 0 to 3000 m. As expected, the air compressor with its load-following strategy was found to be the main parasitic power (~ 40 % of the fuel cell system net power output at the altitude of 3000 m). Ambient air temperature and relative humidity affect mostly the fuel cell system heat management but also its water balance. In designing the system, factors such as control strategy, duty cycles and ambient conditions need to taken into account. An evaluation of the performance and maintenance of three fuel cell buses in operation in Stockholm in the demonstration project Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) was performed. The availability of the buses was high, over 85 % during the summer months and even higher availability during the fall of 2004. Cold climate-caused failures, totalling 9 % of all fuel cell propulsion system failures, did not involve the fuel cell stacks but the auxiliary system. The fuel consumption was however rather high at 7.5 L diesel equivalents/10km (per July 2004). This is thought to be, to some extent, due to the robust but not energy-optimized powertrain of the buses. Hybridization in future design may have beneficial effects on the fuel consumption. Surveys towards hydrogen and fuel cell technology of more than 500 fuel cell bus passengers on route 66 and 23 fuel cell bus drivers in Stockholm were performed. The passengers were in general positive towards fuel cell buses and felt safe with the technology. Newspapers and bus stops were the main sources of information on the fuel cell bus project, but more information was wanted. Safety, punctuality and frequency were rated as the most important factors in the choice of public transportation means. The environment was also rated as an important factor. More than half of the bus passengers were nevertheless unwilling to pay a higher fee for introducing more fuel cell buses in Stockholm’s public transportation. The drivers were positive to the fuel cell bus project, stating that the fuel cell buses were better than diesel buses with respect to pollutant emissions from the exhausts, smell and general passenger comfort. Also, driving experience, acceleration and general comfort for the driver were reported to be better than or similar to those of a conventional bus. / QC 20101020

There is a need for alternative marine fuels and propulsion techniques in order to reduce the environmental and climate impacts of the transport sector, and meet the new Swedish climate targets of net zero emissions by 2045. There are several projects and studies on full electric ferries, while the option of hydrogen fuel cell-battery hybrids are not as well explored. This study assesses the prospects for three alternative fuels and propulsion techniques for a commuter ferry in Stockholm City. The fuels assessed are hydrogen (Fuel cellbattery hybrid/electric engine), electricity (Full battery/electric engine) and a biofuel (HVO/Internal combustion engine). Conventional diesel was included as benchmark. A multi-criteria decision analysis approach is employed in order to assess the fuel systems by estimated fuel performance and benchmarked input onthe relative criteria importance. The criteria cover economic, environmental, technical, and ultimately social aspects like availability and supply of fuel. The full battery solution was discarded due to excessive weight, but as only one charging solution was investigated it is recommended for further investigation. HVO performed best in an overall score comparing all fuel alternatives, but in a comparison between only fuel cell hybrid and HVO, including the availability criteria, the fuel cell hybrid system performed best. The analysis therefore supports the opportunity to implement fuel cell-battery hybrids onthis route. / Det finns ett behov av alternativa marina bränslen och framdrivningstekniker för att minska transportsektorns miljö- och klimatpåverkan, och för att uppfylla de nya svenska klimatmålen om att inte ha några nettoutsläpp till 2045. Det finns flera projekt och studier om fullt elektriska färjor, alternativet att använda bränslecellshybrider inte är däremot inte lika utforskat. Denna studie utvärderar möjligheterna för tre alternativa bränslen och framdrivningstekniker för implementering på Djurgårdsfärjan i Stockholm Stad. De utvärderade bränslena är vätgas (bränslecellshybrid / elmotor), elektricitet (full batterilösning / elmotor) och ett biobränsle (HVO / Förbränningsmotor). Konventionell diesel ingick som riktmärke för jämförelse. Analysen genomfördes för att bedöma och jämföra bränsleprestandan mellan de olika systemen. En beslutsgrundande multikriterieanalys (MKA) utfördes och jämfördes mot liknande studier där en analytisk hierarkisk process (AHP) utförts tillsammans med viktiga intressenter i den marina transportsektorn i Sverige. Kriterierna täcker ekonomiska, miljömässiga, tekniska och i slutändan sociala aspekter som tillgång till bränsle. Den fullständiga batterilösningen avfärdades på grund av för stor massa av energisystemet, men att eftersom endast ett laddningsalternativ undersöktes rekommenderas den för ytterligare analys. HVO presterade bäst i den övergripande poängen där alla bränslealternativ jämfördes. Hybridsystemet presterade dock bäst i en jämförelse mellan HVO och hybrid där kriterierna justerades till att inkludera tillgängligheten av bränslet. Resultatet visar att viktningen av den relativa betydelsen för de olika kriterierna har stor betydelse vid utvärdering av bränslealternativ. Analysen stöder därmed möjligheten att implementera bränslecellshybrid på denna linje.

Master thesis deals with usage issues of autonomous, self-sufficient and decentralized systems. In the first part convectional and experimental sources for autonomous systems are disclosed. Second chapter deals with accumulation of electrical and thermal energy and possibilities of applications. 3rd part is focused on pilot project realized for autonomous and smart systems, which were built in last years. In the 4th chapter electrical and thermal energy consumption curves are made on daily and monthly basis for 4 type objects. In the fifth part issue of autonomy is explained, and for type buildings solutions are made with additional return on investment. The last chapter is focused on calculation of thermal accumulator and briefly discloses small district heating.

Le réchauffement climatique, la pollution de l'environnement et l'épuisement des énergies pétrolières ont attiré l'attention de l'humanité dans le monde entier. Les véhicules électriques hybrides à pile à combustible (FCHEV), utilisant l’hydrogène comme carburant et n’émettant aucune émission, sont considérés par les organismes publics et privés comme l’un des meilleurs moyens de résoudre ces problèmes. Cette thèse de doctorat considère un FCHEV avec trois sources d'énergie: pile à combustible, batterie et supercondensateur, ce qui complique l'élaboration d'une stratégie de gestion de l'énergie (EMS) pour répartir la puissance entre différentes sources d'alimentation. Parmi les méthodes de gestion de l'énergie de la littérature actuelle, la stratégie de minimisation de la consommation équivalente (ECMS) a été sélectionnée car elle permet une optimisation locale sans connaissance préalable des conditions de conduite et cela en donnant des résultats optimaux.En raison de la faible densité énergétique du supercondensateur, sa consommation équivalente d'hydrogène est négligée dans la plupart des références bibliographiques, ce qui va non seulement à l'encontre de l'objectif de minimiser la consommation totale d'hydrogène, mais accroît également la complexité du système EMS en raison du besoin d'un système EMS supplémentaire pour calculer la demande en puissance du supercondensateur. Ainsi, une stratégie ECMS à programmation quadratique séquentielle (SECMS) est proposée pour prendre en compte le coût énergétique des trois sources d’énergie dans la fonction objectif. Une stratégie de contrôle basée sur des règles (RBCS) et une stratégie hybride (HEOS) a été également conçues pour être comparée à SECMS. La dégradation des sources d'énergie représente un défi majeur pour la stabilité du système SECMS développé. Basé sur l'estimation en ligne de l'état de santé de la pile à combustible et de la batterie, le système ECMS adaptatif (AECMS) a été implémenté en ajustant le facteur équivalent et le taux de changement dynamique de la pile à combustible. Les résultats de la simulation montrent que l’AECMS peut assurer le maintien de la charge de la batterie et l’augmentation de la durabilité de la pile à combustible.Pour valider les algorithmes de gestion de l'énergie et les modèles numériques proposés, un banc d'essai expérimental a été construit autour de l'interface temps réel DSPACE. La comparaison des résultats de la simulation numérique et des résultats expérimentaux a montré que le système SECMS proposé fonctionne à un rendement maximal, que le supercondensateur fournit la puissance de pointe et que la batterie fonctionne comme un tampon d’énergie. Il a été prouvé que la négligence de la consommation d'hydrogène équivalente au supercondensateur dans l'ECMS conduit à un fonctionnement non optimal. Comparé à RBCS et HEOS, la SECMS a le moins d'hydrogène consommé et le courant de pile à combustible le plus stable. / Global warming, environment pollution and exhaustion of petroleum energies have risen their attention of the humanity over the world. Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) taking hydrogen as fuel and have zero emission, is thought by public and private organisms as one of the best ways to solve these problems. This PhD dissertation consider a FCHEV with three power sources: fuel cell, battery and supercapacitor, which increases the difficult to design an energy management strategy (EMS) to split the power between the different power sources.Among the EMS available in the current literature, the Equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) was selected because it allows a local optimization without rely on prior knowledge of driving condition while giving optimal results.Due to low energy density of supercapacitor, its equivalent hydrogen consumption is neglected in most bibliographic references, which not only counter to the aim of minimizing whole hydrogen consumption but also increase the complication of EMS due to the need of an additional EMS to calculate supercapacitor power demand. Thus, a sequential quadratic programming ECMS (SECMS) strategy is proposed to consider energy cost of all three power sources into the objective function. A rule based control strategy (RBCS) and hybrid strategy (HEOS) are also designed in order to to be compared with SECMS. Degradation of energy sources represents a major challenge for the stability of the developed SECMS system. So, based on online estimating state of heath of fuel cell and battery, an adaptive ECMS (AECMS) has been designed through adjusting the equivalent factor and dynamical change rate of fuel cell. The simulation results show that the AECMS can ensure the charge sustenance of battery and the increase of fuel cell durability.To validate the proposed energy management algorithms and the numerical models an exerimental test bench has been built around the real time interface DSPACE. The comparison of the simulation and experimental results showed that the proposed SECMS is operated at around maximum efficiency, supercapacitor supplies peak power, battery works as the energy buffer. It has been proved that the neglect of supercapacitor equivalent hydrogen consumption in ECMS leads to not optimal operation. Compared with RBCS and HEOS, SECMS has least hydrogen consumption and most stable fuel cell current.