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Submitted by CESAR AUGUSTO AREZO E SILVA JUNIOR null (cesar.arezo@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-10T11:03:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Cesar_Arezo.pdf: 2040140 bytes, checksum: 22ed1c12204c5338583f606a5353e418 (MD5) / Rejected by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-01-13T12:08:52Z (GMT) / Submitted by CESAR AUGUSTO AREZO E SILVA JUNIOR null (cesar.arezo@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-16T17:14:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Cesar_Arezo.pdf: 2053752 bytes, checksum: ac3a36225bdb9c284f25c5d8699786ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-17T15:32:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_caa_me_guara.pdf: 2053752 bytes, checksum: ac3a36225bdb9c284f25c5d8699786ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T15:32:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_caa_me_guara.pdf: 2053752 bytes, checksum: ac3a36225bdb9c284f25c5d8699786ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / As usinas siderúrgicas caracterizam-se, sob o ponto de vista energético, pela grande intensidade de energia empregada em processos de redução do minério de ferro, fusão das matérias-primas e refino do aço líquido obtido. Quanto aos processos utilizados para a produção de aço, destacam-se o emprego de duas rotas tecnológicas: usinas integradas e semi-integradas (mini-mills). As usinas integradas possibilitam a redução do minério de ferro até ferro-gusa e, a partir deste, a obtenção do aço. As mini-mills caracterizam-se pelo emprego de sucatas metálicas, ferro-gusa ou ferro esponja como matérias-primas e pela obtenção, como produtos, de diferentes tipos de aço. Na operação de refino do aço líquido produzido comumente é necessário o emprego de desgaseificadores a vácuo para remoção de contaminantes e, consequentemente, atendimento às especificações do produto acabado. Com isso, as mini-mills demandam potência elétrica para os processos de fusão do aço e vapor superaquecido para obtenção de vácuo nos ejetores do processo de desgaseificação. Para atendimento a legislações ambientais, sistemas de despoeiramento devem ser aplicados às aciarias, disponibilizando grandes vazões de gases quentes provenientes do forno elétrico. A operação do sistema de despoeiramento indica expressivo potencial para recuperação de calor em processos siderúrgicos. Na presente dissertação propõe-se a coleta e análise de dados de operação do sistema de despoeiramento de um forno elétrico a arco de uma mini-mill brasileira, visando concepção e análise técnica-econômica de uma central de cogeração associada à recuperação de calor destes gases do sistema de despoeiramento / The steel industry can be characterized by its high demand of energy in the process of reduction and production of pig iron and steel. For the production of steel the following routes can be highlighted: integrated plants and mini-mills. Integrated plants are used for production steel from iron ore, allowing the reduction of iron ore until pig iron, and pig iron to steel. Mini-mills are used for production of steel through metallic scraps and pig iron. In a mini-mill, the transformation of metallic scraps and pig iron to steel is reached in melting shop areas. The melting shop areas adopt vacuum degassers as a commonly equipment to remove contaminants of liquid steel and consequently reach requirements of finished products. As a consequence, in a melting shop, electricity is applied in electric arc furnaces and overheated steam is applied in vacuum degassers. According to environmental restrictions these melting shops are integrated with dust collectors. The dust collected in electric arc furnaces has great amount of energy and can express a high potential to heat recovering systems. The present dissertation has purpose in collect and analyzes data from an electric arc furnace with a dust collector in a Brazilian mini-mill for developing a thermal-economic analysis of a cogeneration plant integrated in this mini-mill.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cap 9 .pdf: 34438 bytes, checksum: 74e72b9773d5bd61697450a6994d08cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of steel tubes with seam in the industry is growing every year. Advantages as the low cost and the reduced weight of the tubular pieces do the first option of this product in the moment of the conception of the projects. But the competition in the automotive industry submits the manufacturers of steel tubes to new challenges, once the demand of characteristics as high conformability and mechanical resistance is becoming more and more common for this product, which already was considered a commodity. In this context, the processes of thermal treatment and the drawing it has been efficient methods to modify the mechanical properties, consolidating as important tools of technology aggregation and value to the steel tubes with seam. The search of great properties picks on continuous improvement in the production processes and improvement of steel tubes with seam, and this study evaluates the main variables of control of the process, welding and thermal treatment of these products. Those variables include the type of used steel, the microstructure of the heat affected zone (HAZ), mechanical properties, austenitizing temperature and the time of thermal treatment. This work also exposes the state of art and relative concepts to production of steel tubes with seam, beyond a detailed description of the methods, materials and processes involved in the research. / O emprego de tubos de aço com costura na indústria vem crescendo a cada ano. Vantagens como o baixo custo e o peso reduzido das peças tubulares fazem deste produto a primeira opção no momento da concepção dos projetos. Mas a concorrência acirrada na indústria automotiva submete os fabricantes de tubos de aço a novos desafios, uma vez que a exigência de características como elevadas conformabilidade e resistência mecânica estão se tornando cada vez mais comuns para este produto, que já foi considerado um commodity. Neste contexto, os processos de tratamento térmico e a trefilação tem sido métodos eficientes para modificar as propriedades mecânicas, consolidando-se como importantes ferramentas de agregação de tecnologia e valor aos tubos de aço com costura. A busca de propriedades ótimas implica em melhoria contínua nos processos de fabricação e beneficiamento de tubos de aço com costura, e este estudo avalia as principais variáveis de controle do processo de conformação, solda e tratamento térmico destes produtos. Essas variáveis incluem o tipo de aço utilizado, a microestrutura da zona afetada pela temperatura da solda (ZAT), propriedades mecânicas, temperatura de austenitização e o tempo de tratamento térmico. Este trabalho também expõe o estado da arte e conceitos relativos à fabricação de tubos de aço com costura, além uma detalhada descrição dos métodos, materiais e processos envolvidos na pesquisa.

Orientadores: Ana Maria Frattini Fileti, Andre Pitasse da Cunha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T08:56:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Medeiros_FernandoTadeuPereirade_D.pdf: 2343033 bytes, checksum: 9407aef56d1977bfd109c78806bb29de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um modelo capaz de prever as condições operacionais do processo de redução de minério de ferro em alto-forno a partir de características das matérias-primas e da composição da carga e do sopro, fornecendo aos operadores e engenheiros de processo, uma ferramenta de planejamento e de análise de desempenho da operação. A motivação para este trabalho deveu-se à constatação de que existe uma deficiência de modelos capazes de identificar cotidianamente os fatores críticos na operação dos altos-fornos siderúrgicos. Os modelos encontrados são excessivamente simples para preverem condições futuras de processo ou são demasiadamente complexos para o uso operacional diário ou no pJanejamento estratégico da produção. Os altos-fornos e os conversores de aço são as unidades centrais de uma usina siderúrgica integrada. O primeiro obtém o ferro primário a partir dos óxidos contidos nos minérios e o segundo refina e ajusta a composição química do metal produzindo o aço. O modelo desenvolvido e aplicado tem natureza híbrida, combinando algoritmos simuladores baseados em balanços de massa e energia com variável grau de desvio estequiométrico e térmico. O valor de cada indicador de desvio é previsto por uma rede neural cujas variáveis de entrada quantificam características das matérias-primas e condições de sopro e carga do alto-forno. A aplicação industrial do modelo comprovou sua capacidade de prever as condições do processo e sua aplicação resultou em aumento da produtividade média do processo e menor consumo específico de redutores, decorrentes da melhor efetividade das ações operacionais. Além disso, o modelo, associado a um módulo de balanço do setor primário da usina, vem sendo aplicado na simulação de alternativas de padrões operacionais, atividade fundamental para o planejamento estratégico do negócio / Abstract: This work describes the development of a model capable of evaluating and predicting iron ore reduction process in blast-furnaces based on raw materiais characteristics as well as burden and blast composition. It provides a planning and analysing toll to operators and process engineers. The motivation for this development resides on the lack of this kind of model in the ironmaking industry. The many models found are either toa simple and not capable of predicting raw materiais parameters effects on the furnace performance or toa complexo The latter are useful in technology potential identifications but not in the daily work or ordinary operation planning. Blast-furnaces and oxygen converters are the core units in a integrated steel works. The former one produces primary iron from oxides bared by iron ores and the latter one refines molten iron into steel, adjusting its chemical compositiono The developed and applied model is hybrid in nature, combining simulating algorithms based on mass and energy balances with variable lack of fitnesso The value of each lack-of-fitness index is estimated by a neural model in which the input quantify burden materiais characteristics as well as blow and charging conditions. The model has shown its predicting capacity during its industrial application, which lead to higher average productivity and lower specific fuel consumption are expected following better operation action and process planning efficiency. In addition, the model is now being associated to a plant mass balance module to asses alternative operation pattern simulation for the hole company which is a fundamental activity in strategic business planning / Doutorado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Vidros fosfatos são investigados desde a década de 50, sendo obtidos a partir da fusão de compostos inorgânicos em temperaturas relativamente baixas (1000- 1200oC), apresentando baixas temperaturas de transição vítrea. No entanto, estes vidros são sensíveis a ambientes com altas umidades relativas, mostrando certa fragilidade em relação à durabilidade química. Vidros fosfatos de ferro foram obtidos previamente a partir da fusão de precursores inorgânicos apropriados, tanto em fornos de indução, como em fornos elétricos convencionais. A presença de ferro promove o aumento da durabilidade química, suficiente para possibilitar o uso destes materiais como meio imobilizador de rejeitos radioativos ou como fibras de resistência mecânica, adequadas para aplicações específicas. O uso de microondas tem sido investigado exaustivamente, pois possibilita um aquecimento rápido e homogêneo dos materiais. A radiação de microondas interage diretamente com dipolos e íons presentes na estrutura do material promovendo o seu aquecimento. Vidros fosfatos contendo nióbio também já foram produzidos por meio do aquecimento de precursores em fornos de microondas. Outros vidros contendo ferro em sua estrutura foram produzidos por fornos convencionais e tiveram suas estruturas analisadas. Mas mesmo assim, ainda não foi reportada síntese de vidros fosfatos com ferro a partir da fusão de precursores em fornos de microondas. Neste trabalho, misturas de fosfato de amônia dibásico (NH4)2HPO4 e magnetita (Fe3O4) ou (NH4)2HPO4 e ferrita (Fe2O3) foram expostas às microondas, com radiação eletromagnética de 2,45 GHz. Propõe-se que a absorção desta radiação pelo material à temperatura ambiente cause o aquecimento até a completa fusão e homogeneização do material. Os vidros fosfatos de ferro obtidos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia Mössbauer, Difratometria de raios X e Análise térmica diferencial. Uma comparação é realizada com vidros obtidos por meio da fusão em fornos elétricos. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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This master´s thesis deals with control and process visualization system dedusting arc melting furnaces, the subject of this master´s thesis is electrical part of the ventilation system from the control system via industrial communication to the design of power components, which include the main fan motor powering inverter. Another part is paid to the design and description of the proceedings, a concept of the control program, design visualization, implementation, remote access and archiving of process values. The last part contains evaluation of the project in terms of the preparatory phase and in terms of commissioning, in particular the description of the additional work that had to be compared to the proposal for commissioning performed.

No description available.

Thesis (MScEng) --University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the development of a new process for the production of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), intended for use specifically by small scale Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) based steel mills, who require small volumes of DRI. The term development as used here is taken to include such aspects as conceptual design, theoretical verification and initial practical testing. The rise of EAF steelmaking brought about the metamorphosis of steel scrap from a waste product into a valuable raw material. Scrap prices rose steeply during the period 1995 to 2009 compelling EAF steelmakers, wishing to have more control over the cost of their input material, to seek for scrap supplements or alternatives. DRI has become an accepted and sought after supplement, or even complete alternative, to steel scrap. Adding DRI to an EAF charge has a range of advantages, including the dilution of tramp elements and possible cost benefits, but it does have negative effects. These include the lowering of the scrap to liquid metal yield and an increase in power consumed. The effect of charging DRI to a small EAF is quantified. The maximum DRI that may be added to the burden whilst still maintaining the present steelmaking volume, is shown to be as high as 50% if charged continuously, and the maximum price payable for DRI, is shown to be approximately 80% of base grade scrap price. Finally other requirements unique to small scale EAF operators are considered in order to prepare a schedule of requirements for a DRI plant specifically for small scale EAF steel mills. A review of published information on existing DRI production technology, processes and plants is undertaken is establish the fit of existing processes to the requirements set. Initially the thermodynamics and kinetics of iron ore reduction and coal gasification, specifically downdraft gasification are reviewed. Thereafter existing processes are reviewed. Shaft based processes and rotary kiln based processes are identified as possible suitors to the requirements. Limitations of these processes, specifically heat transfer in rotary kilns and the pressure drop over a reduction shafts are investigated. Finally a typical process in each of the main process classes is adjudicated against the set requirements. None is found to match the set requirements. A new process is proposed that is claimed to better suit to small scale operation. The uniqueness of the process is embodied in the combination of existing technologies of downdraft gasification and iron ore reduction in a shaft, in a single reactor. The process consists of two shafts, one placed above the other. Iron ore is charged into the top shaft, called the pre-heat shaft, where it is pre-heated and lightly reduced to wustite with gas from the bottom shaft, called the reduction shaft. The pre-heated ore is then charged together with coal into the reduction shaft. Gasification air is drawn into the top of the reduction shaft where the coal is gasified in a downdraft gasifier, generating reduction gas which reduces the ore as the gas moves concurrently with the iron ore. The exit gas is cleaned and pumped to the pre-heat shaft where it combusted with air to pre-heat the iron ore in the pre-heat shaft. The concept is analysed thermodynamically using amongst others, FactSage, and is shown to be thermodynamically viable. To test the concept process concept practically, an extremely small pilot plant with a production rate of 2kg DRI/h, consisting of only a gasifier/reduction shaft, was designed and constructed using reduction rate data obtained from literature supplemented with data obtained from thermogravimetric analysis of CO reduction of lump Sishen hematite. Pilot Plant trials were performed using various reductant sources. The degree of metallizaion was analysed using visual inspection of cut and polished samples compared to calibrated standards. Analysis of the results indicate that coal rate and production rate influence the degree of reduction positively and negatively. The conclusions arrived at include the fact that the process is thermodynamically viable, that it was possible to reduce iron ore in a simplified pilot plant, and that the process was found to be stable and controllable. It is recommended that a larger scale pilot plant, embodying the full proposed flow sheet be erected to test the process more completely. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis handel oor die the ontwikkeling van ‘n nuwe proses vir die vervaardiging van sponsyster. Die proses is beoog spesifiek vir gebruik deur kleinskaalse Elektriese Boogoond (EBO) gebaseerde staal aanlegte, wat kleiner hoeveelhede sponsyster benodig. Die term ontwikkeling soos hier gebruik word aanvaar om aspekte soos konseptuele ontwerp, teoretiese verifikasie en aanvanklike toetsing te behels. Die vinnige groei van EBO staalvervaardiging het skroot getransformeer van weggooiproduk tot waardevolle grondstof. Die prys van skroot het skerp gestyg gedurende die periode 1995 to 2009. EBO gebaseerde staal produsente, in ‘n poging om meer beheer te hê oor die koste van hul insetmateriaal, het hul in ‘n toenemende mate tot skrootalternatiewe gewend. Sponsyster het ‘n aanvaarde en gewaardeerde byvoeging, en selfs alternatief tot staalskroot geword. Die byvoeging van sponsyster by die lading van ‘n tipiese EBO het besliste voordele, maar het dit ook nadelige effekte. Die voordele sluit die verdunning van reselemente en moontlike kostevoordele in, terwyl van die nadele die verlaging van die skroot tot vloeistaal opbrengs, en ‘n verhoging in kragverbruik, is. Die effek van die byvoeging van sponsyster tot ‘n EBO lading word gekwantifiseer. Daar word getoon dat die maksimum hoeveelheid sponsyster wat by ‘n EBO lading gevoeg kan word terwyl die hoeveelheid staal geproduseer konstant gehou word, ongeveer 50% is indien die sponsyster kontinue gelaai word, en die maksimum prys wat vir die sponsyster betaal kan word, word bereken op ongeveer 80% van die prys van basisgraad skroot. Ander vereistes uniek aan kleinskaal EBO bedrywers word oorweeg ten einde ‘n lys van vereistes vir ‘n sponsysteraanleg, uniek aan kleinskaal EBO bedrywers, te kan bepaal. ‘n Oorsig van gepubliseerde inligting oor sponsysterproduksietegnologie word onderneem ten einde die passing van bestaande prosesse met die gestelde vereistes te kan bepaal. Nadat die termodinamika en kinetika van ysterertsreduksie en steenkoolvergassing be-oordeel is, word bestaande sponsysterprosesse beskou. Skag- en Roterende oond gebaseerde prosesse word as moontlik gepaste prosesse identifiseer. Hitte-oordrag en die drukval oor gepakte beddens, synde tipiese beperkings eie aan die twee prosesse, woord beskou. Tipiese prosesse in elk van die hoofklasse van prosesse word ten laaste be-oordeel aan die gestelde kriteria. Daar word bevind dat geeneen van die bestaande prosesse aan die vereistes voldoen nie. ‘n Nuwe proses, wat skynbaar die behoefte van kleinskaalse EBO gebaseerde staalprodusente beter bevredig, word voorgestel. Bestaande tegnolgie word in ‘n unieke opstelling geïntegreer. Reduksie word in ‘n reduksiekag gedoen as gevolg van die ooglopende massa- en hitte-oordragvoordele van ‘n skag. Reduksiegas word verkry van steenkoolvergassing in ‘n afstroomvergasser ten einde teerverwydering in ‘n naverwerkingsstap oorbodig te maak. Die uniekheid van die proses is beliggaam in die kombinasie van ‘n steenkoolvergasser en reduksieskag in ‘n enkele reaktor. Die proses bestaan uit twee skagte, een bo die ander. Ystererts word in die boonste skag, wat die voorverhitskag genoem word, gelaai. Hier word die erts voorverhit en moontlik lig gereduseer tot wustiet met gas van die onderste skag, wat die reduksieskag genoem word. Die voorverhitte erts word saam met steenkool in die reduksieskag gelaai. Vergassingslug, word in die reduksieskag gesuig waar die steenkool in ‘n afstroomvergasser vergas word. Hierdeur word reduksiegas gegenereer wat die erts verder reduseer soos dit saamstromend met die erts af beweeg. Die uitlaatgas word gesuiwer en na die voorverhitskag gepomp waar dit verbrand word om die erts te voorverhit. Die konsep is termodinamies analiseer met gebruikmaking van onder andere FactSage, en werkbaar bevind. ‘n Baie klein, vereenvoudigde proefaanleg, met ‘n produksievermoë van 2kg DRY/uur, bestaande uit slegs ‘n reduksiekag, is ontwerp en gebou met gebruikmaking van kinetika inligting uit die literatuur aangevul met inligting uit termogravimetriese analise van die CO reduksie van Sishen hematiet. Proefaanleglopies is uitgevoer met ‘n reeks reduktantbronne. Die metallisasiegraad is bepaal deur visuele inspeksie van gesnyde, gepoleerde monsters wat vergelyk is met gekalibreerde standaarde. Analise van die resultate toon dat die steenkoolkoers ‘n positiewe verband, en die produksiekoers ‘n negatiewe verband met die metallisasiegraad het. Die slotsom waartoe gekom is, is dat die proses termodinamies werkbaar is, dat reduksie van ystererts in ‘n vereenvoudigde proefaanleg bewerk kon word, en dat die prose stabiel en beheerbaar voorgekom het. Die aanbeveling word gemaak dat ‘n groter proefaanleg wat die volledige voorgestelde vloeiskema verteenwoordig, opgerig behoort te word, ten einde die proses meer volledig te kan toets.

The blast furnace process for the reduction of iron ore to pig iron faces problems such as emission of air pollutants, high investment cost and the current major problem of decreasing supplies of coke. Coke is used in large quantities to promote a combination of direct and indirect reduction within the furnace. Due to the lack of good coking coal within South Africa, and dwindling supplies worldwide, new iron-making processes, are being developed using coal and/or natural gas to replace coke as the reductant. The new processes allow efficient use of carbon, fed in the form of coal pellets (coalbased processes) or natural gas (gas-based processes), as the reducing agent. Presently, most coal-based processes Use an excess of coal, up to 500% stoichoimetric addition, and are run at temperatures up to ±1200°C, although reduction tends to proceed at ±850°C. This project developed a low temperature process using mixed pellets of fine waste iron oxide and fine domestic coal with a natural carbonaceous binder (a by-product from local pulping industry). Reduction tests performed on composite pellets in a tube furnace and thermobalance indicated, upon analysis by X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope, that reduction occurred gradually at 900°C. Implementing induction heating of bulk pellets reduced heating times substantially. Induction heating also resulted in direct reduced iron [DRI] containing 75 - 80% metallic iron. Energy consumption based on coal usage amounted to 23.71 GJ/ton DRI, which compares with the calorific consumption of most coal-based processes, i.e. coal consumption range between 15 and 25 GJ/ton DRI. Energy consumed during induction heating amounted to 9.94 GJ/ton DRI, as electricity. This energy consumption value does not take into account the efficiency of the primary energy required to generate electricity. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.