The Nsuta manganese deposit is located in the Western Region of Ghana, approximately five kilometers south of Tarkwa Goldfields. The deposit has been an important source of manganese ore since mining began in 1916. The purpose of this project was to produce a concise model of the stratigraphy, sedimentology and structural evolution of the deposit in support of future exploration projects. The manganese ores occur as an up to 45m thick carbonate bed in a thick turbidite-greenstone succession that is part of the ~2.2 Ga Birimian Supergroup. Calc-alkaline volcanics, volcaniclastics, turbidites, argillites and phyllites are thought to have been deposited in a backarc basin environment. The entire sedimentary succession, including the manganese orebody, is a thick turbidite package hosted between an upper and lower greenstone unit consisting predominantly of volcaniclastic material. The entire lithological succession at Nsuta is interpreted to have been deposited within the middle to lower reaches of a submarine fan environment. Field evidence suggests a simple stratigraphy, commencing with a lower greenstone unit composed largely of volcaniclastic material. This is followed by an upward-fining lower turbidite unit deposited in response to a marked transgression and sea level rise. Maximum rate of sea level rise provided ideal conditions for manganese precipitation and concentration, as detrital influx ceased. The central portion of the carbonate orebody that formed hosts the manganese orebody. An upward-coarsening turbidite unit follows above the carbonate unit. This upward-coarsening succession reflects a regression and a highstand systems tract in terms of sequence stratigraphic principles. It is capped by an unconformity that formed during a period of rapid relative sea level fall. It is overlain by a second upward-fining turbidite succession. This succession is not fully preserved as there is a sheared contact between it and the overlying upper greenstone unit. Post-depositional deformation and metamorphic alteration are largely attributed to the Paleoproterozoic Eburnean Orogeny. A first phase of compression was directed along a NW-SE axis and produced a series of isoclinal anticlines and synclines (F1) with NE-SW striking axial planes. This was followed by thrusting between the anticlines and synclines. The age of this deformation and closely associated greenschist metamorphism can be accurately constrained between 2.09 Ga and 2.07 Ga. E-W oriented oblique listric faulting has a prominent effect on the appearance of the Nsuta manganese deposit, as it produced a series of imbricate fault blocks dipping to the north. Associated with this period of deformation is small-scale cross folding with axes plunging to the east (F2). The faults post-date the Eburnean Orogeny and must be associated with a second major tectonic event. Finally, a NNE-SSW striking normal fault, locally known as the German Line, caused further block rotation, notably in the northern parts of the mining concession. Late Mesozoic deep lateritic weathering and incision of the lateritic peneplane by modern rivers have resulted in the complex dissected appearance of the Nsuta orebody. However, based on the detailed structural analysis provided in this study, a feasible target for future exploration of manganese ore buried beneath Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments and soils, has been identified. This target is located to the west of Hills A and B. / Dr. J.M. Huizenga Prof. Nic Beukes Prof. J. Gutzmer

Masters of Art / Diversifying livelihoods has over the last two decades been identified as an important theme in the development work, particularly concerning the poverty reduction agenda. In the developing world, farm households, urged on by their survival instinct, diversify away from traditional subsistence agriculture to the production of high-value crops and at other times engage in off-farm and non-farm activities. This has become necessary due to the failures of agriculture to guarantee farm households sustainable livelihoods and improve their welfare. In sub-Saharan Africa, diversification is a vital instrument for reducing rural people’s risk to poverty. In recent years, however, diversification has been closely linked to food security. This is due to the fact that chronic food insecurity and its accompanying vulnerabilities continue to thwart poverty reduction efforts in the developing world. Paradoxically, whereas available statistics suggests that there is enough food to feed everyone, close to 900 million of the world’s population is still food insecure. By implication, the food security challenge hinge on ‘access’ rather than food availability. In sub-Saharan Africa and for that matter Northern Ghana, the phenomenon is quite pervasive, often affecting rural farm households. This signals one thing – a travesty to the existence of international human rights frameworks. Already, available empirical studies on the extent to which diversification amongst farm households impact on assuring household food security have revealed mixed results and are silent on the gender consequences. Using World Food Programme’s 2012 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis survey conducted in northern Ghana and an ordinary least squares estimator, this study sought to examine how livelihood diversification contributes to household food security and subsequently validate its effect for male and female-headed farm households in the Bole district of the Northern region of Ghana. Results from the study revealed a significant positive relationship between livelihood diversification (the number of livelihood activities farm households engaged in) and household food security (household food consumption score). Whereas similar result was observed for male-headed households, that of female-headed households was insignificant even though positive. Following this, the study proposes a two-fold policy strategy for optimizing the impact of livelihood diversification on guaranteeing food security amongst farm households in the case study district in particular and northern Ghana in general. Firstly, support for boosting smallholder agriculture should be pursued rigorously, taking advantage of programmes such as the Savannah Plan for Accelerated Growth. Secondly, sustaining, up-scaling and re-orienting programmes such as Rural Enterprises Project and creating the policy milieu for farm households to explore local opportunities like eco-tourism should be mainstreamed, taking into account concerns of gender.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Agriculture in Ghana is dominated by smallholder farmers who are faced with unpredictable rainfall and extreme weather events. Climate modelling forecasts that the rate at which precipitation will decrease in the country is far more than the rate at which it will increase during the wet season. It is predicted that rain-fed maize output will decrease below 25 percent in all the ten regions of the country by 2020 if nothing is done. To mitigate the effect of climate change and safeguard food security, the country must undertake measures to adapt to the changing climate. The process of adaptation, therefore, involves the interdependence of agents through their relation with each other. This includes the institution in which the agents reside and the resource based on which they depend. The resource embedded in such relationship has been termed social capital. Empirical studies on social capital and climate change adaptation is lacking, especially in Ghana. Based on this, the study assesses the influence of social capital on climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in the Central region of Ghana. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Primary data was collected using household questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. K-means cluster analysis was used to identify weak and strong ties and four individual social capital variables. Twenty-year maize and rainfall data were analysed using trend analysis. The influence of individual social capital and other controlled variables were analysed using Multinomial logit model. Using 225 sampled households the results of the study showed that all the four identified individual social capital variables differ by sex. The perceptions of climate change among smallholder farmers also differ significantly by location. The four individual social capital variables as well as other controlled variables influence at least one indigenous adaptation strategy and one introduced adaptation strategy. The study recommends, among others, that transfer of climate change adaptation techniques or technology to smallholder farmers should not be solely accomplished through the usual technology transfer network of agricultural researchers and extension agents. Rather, it will be imperative to increased contact with a wide variety of local actors who provide information and resources for agricultural production.

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The first five chapters of this thesis provide a historical survey, dealing mainly with West Africa, and primarily concerned with the cultural problems that have occurred from the contact between the traditional African; and our Western culture. The effect of this contact in the areas of Art and Education are examined in some depth since the central hypothesis of this thesis is that Art Education can help to resolve some of the cultural problems that have resulted through the contact and conflict between the two worlds, African and Western. The final chapters provide an example of how the purposes and theory of Art Education in the emerging nations of Africa can be put into practice within a specific country--in this case, Ghana. This part of the thesis is a result of two years of experiment and study done by the author within Ghana itself. This deals with the way natural materials in Ghana (at the present moment woefully ignored in the schools) can be put to good use in the Arts and Crafts programme. It also deals with the way methods and techniques in traditional crafts can be used, adapted and applied within this programme. An examination is made of the way other traditional cultural "materials" such as stories, music and designs can be assimilated and used for motivational purposes in the arts and crafts lesson. Much of this material comes from a controlled experiment, lasting ten weeks, which was directed by the author and carried out by his students with Primary and Middle School children at the Cultural Centre, Kumasi, Ghana. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

Especially since the publication of Hernando De Soto’s book The Mystery of Capital in 2000, there has been a great deal of scholarship on the relationship between property rights and economic growth. There is fairly broad consensus among policy makers and many academics that secure property rights have a wide range of benefits but significantly less agreement on what impedes secure property rights in developing countries, what types of rights work best and under what circumstances, or how to improve the situation in developing countries. Through a case study of land institutions and reform in the Greater Accra Region of Southern Ghana this thesis examines the complexities of overlapping and often contradictory land tenure regimes. Actor Network Theory is used to analyze the role of the various actors, including humans, organizations, and material actors, like documents. I argue that although the system of land rights institutions in Ghana is extremely complex, one of the main challenges is a relatively simple one: the materiality of the documents, and the related costs of producing, storing, managing, and maintaining them., Despite attempts by the state, with the support of the World Bank, to codify existing land relations, transaction costs have not been dramatically reduced. The result is a complicated environment of institutional pluralism, in which the documents involved in registration have taken on a life of their own, where users must recruit these material actors to support their land claims if they wish to have their rights protected. This process of producing and collecting documents to support their land claims can be costly for landholders, in terms of both time and money. In this way, the centrality of documents can be burdensome for landholders, but also creates interesting opportunities for landholders to mobilize land documents in unconventional ways in order to support their claims and seek protection for their rights to land. Especially since the publication of Hernando De Soto’s book The Mystery of Capital in 2000, there has been a great deal of scholarship on the relationship between property rights and economic growth. There is fairly broad consensus among policy makers and many academics that secure property rights have a wide range of benefits but significantly less agreement on what impedes secure property rights in developing countries, what types of rights work best and under what circumstances, or how to improve the situation in developing countries. Through a case study of land institutions and reform in the Greater Accra Region of Southern Ghana this thesis examines the complexities of overlapping and often contradictory land tenure regimes. Actor Network Theory is used to analyze the role of the various actors, including humans, organizations, and material actors, like documents. I argue that although the system of land rights institutions in Ghana is extremely complex, one of the main challenges is a relatively simple one: the materiality of the documents, and the related costs of producing, storing, managing, and maintaining them., Despite attempts by the state, with the support of the World Bank, to codify existing land relations, transaction costs have not been dramatically reduced. The result is a complicated environment of institutional pluralism, in which the documents involved in registration have taken on a life of their own, where users must recruit these material actors to support their land claims if they wish to have their rights protected. This process of producing and collecting documents to support their land claims can be costly for landholders, in terms of both time and money. In this way, the centrality of documents can be burdensome for landholders, but also creates interesting opportunities for landholders to mobilize land documents in unconventional ways in order to support their claims and seek protection for their rights to land.

The purpose of the study is to substantiate and document the notion that, if government-sponsored housing is effectively integrated with the development plan, it can constitute an effective tool for socioeconomic development. The use of housing as an instrument for economic development is widely recognized by many developing countries, including Ghana. Since housing, urban and regional planning, constitute some of the elements of development planning, they can no more be allowed to operate in isolation than can any other major activity. Based on the findings of empirical studies and theoretical viewpoints, it is indicated that housing can contribute to worker productivity and external economies. In the first instance, it is noted that housing conditions certainly have some effect on health and longevity, hence productivity. In the latter case, some external economies can be reaped if, for example, resource development in a remote location is supported with housing to attract workers or to prevent wasteful commuting. Thus, housing can be used to positively influence the emerging geographic pattern of economic activities which itself determines, by and large, the new pattern of land use, population distribution, and functional organization of cities and settlements. It is pointed out that the question of implementing housing schemes should be concerned with how best to handle inevitable changes in the social environment in the early stages of economic development through proper planning. A case study of Israel is presented to illustrate that housing could be adapted to economic development by treating housing programs as some of the essential elements of the development plan. It is argued that the contribution of housing to the economic advancement of Israel, much as it is hard if not impossible to evaluate in isolation, cannot be dismissed as insignificant. The conscious manner in which housing programs are effectively integrated with development planning, it is pointed out, should serve as a lesson to other developing nations. Israel's experience demonstrates, and would seem to support, the notion that housing can be used to support agricultural developments, industrial activities, and even as an instrument for population dispersal calculated to foster economic development. Using several criteria based on the Israeli experience and against the background of development planning, the relation between government-sponsored housing and planning in Ghana is evaluated. It is discovered that mainly because the State Housing Corporation which builds most public projects operates without a guiding program related to other development programs, its activities are frequently in conflict with planning in an adverse manner. Again, for lack of programing, integrated decisions on housing for local, regional, or national purposes, are out of the question as far as the Corporation is concerned. An examination of the existing practical program of planning for Ghana reveals the prospect for effective integration of housing programs with development planning. It is concluded that the opportunity for utilizing government-sponsored housing for economic development will be more available, if the newly-created Housing Division and other relevant agencies are involved more in the planning process. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The slow rate of development in some of the regions of Ghana, and in fact of the developing countries, is partly-due to the lack of adequate and efficient transportation services. The provision of such services is greatly hindered by the excessive competition between transportation modes and the inexpedient allocation of capital resources for transport development. The utilization of the Volta Lake for the purposes of transportation will probably constitute a source of competition to existing modes of transportation, particularly roads. In order to make possible the use of this economical means of transport, ways must be found to integrate lake transport with existing systems, since water transport cannot function efficiently as a separate system. It is hypothesized that an integrated system of road, rail and lake transport can be used as a means of achieving the economic, physical and social objectives for the balanced regional development of the Volta Basin. In order to evaluate the potential development of transport integration and the possibilities of utilizing integrated transport facilities as a tool for achieving regional development, the concepts of transport integration and transport coordination are defined and reviewed. It is demonstrated that transport integration is concerned with the employment of each mode of transportation in the economic circumstances best suited to its characteristics. The concept of the region and the process of regional planning and development are also reviewed. The regional unit appropriate to planning in the developing countries is the 'uniform region', which is described in terms of its similar problem characteristics. Regional planning and development have evolved as a means of solving these problems and of ordering the natural and human resources in order to ensure balanced growth. The Volta Basin regional planning unit is determined to be viable for the purposes of development; however, for this study, the region is extended to include the Tamale Area in the north and the Accra-Tema Area in the southeast, because of the tremendous flow of traffic between the two areas. In order to investigate how Volta Lake transport could be integrated with road and railway systems, the case study approach is used. The principles of integrated transport development utilized in the U.S.S.R., and in the Tennessee Valley Region and the New York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area of the U.S.A. are reviewed. It is observed that an efficient transportation system is considered to be a means of achieving economic, physical and social development in these countries. The principles of transport integration in the U.S.S.R. include joint traffic scheduling, distribution of traffic among the various modes of transportation, rate structuring and a centralized system of control. A major limitation is the high-cost of transshipment. In the Tennessee Valley Region and in the New York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area of the U.S.A., transport integration is based on the principles of joint rate structuring and containership operations respectively. The use of containers eliminates the problem of transshipment; however, the basence of a coordinating body is a major drawback to transport integration in the Tennessee Valley Region. On the basis of these principles, a method for integrating Volta Lake transport with road and railway systems is proposed. The sources of potential traffic for Volta Lake transport are examined and it is concluded that there is a demand for a Volta Lake transportation system. The principles of integrated transport development employed in the U.S.S.R., the Tennessee Valley Region and the New York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area of the U.S.A. are considered to be relevant for application in the Volta Basin. The establishment of a Lake Transport Authority to implement integrated transport policies is recommended. It is concluded that an integrated transportation system will contribute both directly and indirectly to the regional objectives of economic development, the provision of better employment opportunities, a higher level of living, provision of community facilities and services and the rational distribution of settlements. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Obsahem diplomové práce je analýza podnikatelského prostředí Ghany, jejích obchodních zvyklostí a kulturních specifik a dopadů těchto specifik na podnikání v zemi; kromě toho se práce zabývá i obchodní spoluprací této subsaharské země s Českou republikou. Hlavním cílem je analyzovat podmínky obchodu mezi těmito zeměmi a nalézt příležitosti pro další prohloubení a rozvoj vzájemných obchodních vztahů. V závěru se práce dotýká i problematiky obchodních vztahů EU a subsaharské Afriky.