The potential of CGA-136872 (3-[4,6-bis(difluoromethoxy) pyrimidin-2-yl-1-(2-methoxycarbonyl-phenylsulfonyl) urea) and DPX-V9360 (3-pyridinecarboxaminde, 2-(((4,6-dimethoxy pyrimidin-2yl) aminocarbonyl)) aminosulfonyl) ))-N,N-dimethyl) were investigated for postemergence use in corn, including corn tolerance, weed control and combinations of CGA-136872 with other postemergence corn herbicides for weed control. CGA-136872 Applied at rates of 1.2, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 times the suggested recommended use rate in corn (variety Southern States 565) caused more injury at the 5-leaf stage than at the 7- and 9-leaf stage of corn. Recovery from injury was rapid and complete at 5 weeks after treatment (WAT) and no yield reduction was observed. Several corn varieties treated with twice the suggested use rate of CGA-136872 and DPX-V9360 showed injury that was both herbicide and variety dependent. Most injury occurred at 1 and 2 WAT. Corn recovery was complete at 5 WAT, but yield reduction on some varieties was observed with CGA-136872 treatments. In the weed control study, both herbicides showed high activity on johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herr.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), particularly with early applications. However, johnsongrass rhizome regrowth prevented full season control of this species with early postemergence applications. Combinations of CGA-136872 with several other herbicides resulted in significant benefit in control of common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed while johnsongrass and giant foxtail control was not improved. Reduced control of johnsongrass was observed when CGA-136872 was applied in combination with paraquat (1,1’-dimethy1-4,4’-bipyridilium ion). Similar results were observed for giant foxtail control when CGA-136872 was applied with 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid) and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid). Results of this research indicate that both CGA-136872 and DPX-V9360 have good potential for postemergence use in corn, and could represent an important supplement to existing postemergence corn herbicides. / Master of Science

In 2003 eight peanut and cotton crop rotations were established in southeastern Virginia, 4 of which included 2 or 3 years of tall fescue or orchardgrass grown as high-value hay crops. Each crop rotation was evaluated for changes in soil quality indicators including soil carbon and nitrogen, water stable soil aggregates, plant available water content, bulk density, cone index values, and soil moisture. Cotton and peanut growth and yield were also observed to evaluate changes in crop growth associated with differences in soil quality. Soilborne plant pathogens including root-knot nematode, stubby root nematode, ring nematode, stunt nematode, and Cylindrocladium parasiticum microsclerotia were measured in the spring and fall of each year to determine differences associated with crop rotations. Water stable soil aggregates in 2007 were higher in rotations with 3 years of either perennial grass. Soil moisture tended to be the highest at depths 30 - 60 cm in the 3-year tall fescue rotation in August and September 2007. Cotton in 2006 and peanut in 2007 had higher growth and yield where the annual crop directly followed a perennial grass. Root-knot nematode tended to decrease in all rotations over time. Stubby root nematode populations tended to increase in rotations with either duration of orchardgrass. Including perennial grasses in cotton and peanut rotations has the potential to increase growth and yield as demonstrated in this research. / Master of Science

Benefits of establishing legumes into permanent pastures have been well studied. Successful establishment of legumes in pastures can be challenging, however, and more information is needed about different seeding methods and variables that affect legume establishment. A pasture and a small plot experiment were conducted in Blacksburg, Va from 2009 to 2011to gain better understanding of how seeding method and management variables affected red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) establishment into permanent cool season grass pasture and sod. In the pasture experiment, seedling density was measured two months after sowing and grass, white clover, red clover, and weed biomass were periodically measured during the experiment. Broadcast seeding treatment had 93% more clover seedlings than drill treatment (P = 0.1087) two months after sowing. No difference (P > 0.10) for clover biomass was observed between sowing treatments in any year and clover establishment was considered successful (over 25% of pasture composition) in both treatments. In the drill treatment, clover seedling density was negatively affected by the residual grass biomass at sowing (P = 0.0196). In the broadcast treatment, a quadratic relationship between clover seedling density and residual grass biomass at sowing was found (P = 0.0516). Clover seedling density in April 2009 determined the amount of clover biomass in August 2009 (P = 0.0008) and the 2010 clover biomass mean (P = 0.0249). Further exploration of the influence fertilization with P and K, grass biomass at sowing, and defoliation frequency on clover establishment were studied in a split-split plot study. Fertilization with P and K was assigned to whole plots that were split in half and assigned a high or low grass biomass at sowing treatment, the subplots were split in and designated either a high or low cutting frequency. Prior to cutting, samples from each plot were sorted to grass, white clover, red clover, and weed. Plots with a low grass biomass at sowing (232 seedlings m-2) had a higher seedling density (P < 0.0001) compared with plots with a high grass biomass at sowing plots (111 seedlings m-2). Greater biomass of white and red clover depended both on having a low grass biomass at sowing and a high frequency of defoliation (P = 0.0026 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Red clover yield was also determined by interactions between fertilization and a high frequency of defoliation (P < 0.0001), as well as between fertilization and low grass biomass at sowing (P = 0.0026). Dry conditions resulted in low clover yields (6% of total herbage mass) with red clover producing four times the herbage mass of white clover. These data show that creating a favorable environment for seedlings to germinate and establish was more important than seeding method. / Master of Science

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agronomy / P.V. Vara Prasad / The pathway for the movement of water through plants, from the soil matrix to the atmosphere, constitutes the hydraulic architecture of a plant. The linkage between the hydraulic architecture of woody plants and drought tolerance has received considerable attention, but much less work has been done on grasses. I investigated the linkage between the hydraulic architecture of grasses to physiological patterns of water use across a range of species and conditions. The rate of stomatal conductance (g[subscript]s) and photosynthesis (A) increased acropetally along the leaves of 5 grass species, which is a unique feature of this growth form. The internal structure of leaves also changed acropetally in order to minimize the pressure gradient across the mesophyll that would otherwise occur as a result of increasing g[subscript]s. The resistance to water movement through the mesophyll represented 80-90% of leaf resistance in six genotypes of Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench). This resistance was most important in controlling g[subscript]s and A when water was readily available, but as soil-moisture decreased it was the efficient transport of water through the xylem that was most important in maintaining plant function. I also investigated the relationship between hydraulic architecture and stomatal responses of grasses to increasing Vapor Pressure Deficit (D). Grasses with a larger proportion of their hydraulic resistance within the xylem were less sensitive to increasing D and plants with high root conductance maintained higher rates of gas exchange D increased. Finally, I investigated the tolerance of grasses to extreme drought events to test if there was a trade-off between drought tolerance and growth in grasses. Plants with drought tolerant leaf traits typically sacrificed the ability to move water efficiently through their leaves. Having drought tolerant leaves did not limit the plants ability to have high rates of gas exchange, and, in fact, the most drought tolerant plants had the high rates of g[subscript]s when expressed on a mass basis. Leaf-level drought tolerance did contribute to species’ occurrence, as the drought intolerant species I studied are not commonly found in low precipitation systems. The results presented here highlight the importance of studying the hydraulic architecture of plants to provide a better understanding of what controls plant function across a range of environmental conditions.

A adubação tem sido fundamental para a implantação, manutenção e recuperação de pastagens, enquanto o suprimento de enxofre pode estar sendo inadequado para gramíneas que recebem altas doses de nitrogênio. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos das combinações de doses de nitrogênio e de enxofre em pastagem de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens) em degradação, quanto aos atributos produtivos, morfológicos, fisiológicos e nutricionais das plantas e de fertilidade em quatro profundidades do solo. O experimento foi desenvolvido em pastagem de capimbraquiária, estabelecida há mais de oito anos em solo classificado como Neossolo Quartzarênico e em degradação. Cinco doses de nitrogênio (0; 150; 300; 450 e 600 kg ha-1 ano-1) e cinco doses de enxofre (0; 15; 30; 45 e 60 kg ha-1 ano-1) foram combinadas em um fatorial 5x5 fracionado, em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. O nitrogênio e o enxofre foram fornecidos como nitrato de amônio e gesso, respectivamente, e as doses foram parceladas em três vezes no período chuvoso. As avaliações no experimento ocorreram em intervalos predeterminados de 35 dias no período chuvoso e de 56 dias no período seco, em dois anos consecutivos. As amostragens das plantas ocorreram no interior de um retângulo de madeira de 1,00 m x 0,25 m e o corte do capim foi realizado à altura de 5 cm da superfície do solo. As amostras de raízes foram coletadas por meio de trado de 4 cm de diâmetro, nas profundidades de 0-10; 10-20; 20-30 e 30-40 cm do solo. Foram determinadas a massa seca de forragem, massa seca de raízes, comprimento e superfície radicular, concentrações de nitrogênio (N) e de enxofre (S) nas folhas diagnósticas (LR) e nas raízes, relação N:S nas LR, valor SPAD e o índice de área foliar (IAF). As combinações de doses de nitrogênio e de enxofre promoveram a recuperação da produtividade do capim-braquiária no primeiro período chuvoso e no primeiro ano, enquanto a adubação nitrogenada foi responsável pelo aumento da massa de forragem nos dois períodos secos, no segundo período chuvoso e no segundo ano de experimento. As doses de nitrogênio aumentaram o IAF e a concentração de nitrogênio nas LR em todas as avaliações do capim-braquiária. Os valores SPAD aumentaram com as doses de nitrogênio e de enxofre nos dois anos de avaliação da pastagem. A não-aplicação de enxofre na adubação resultou em deficiência desse nutriente na gramínea, mostrada pelas baixas concentrações do nutriente e elevadas relações N:S nas LR. As doses de nitrogênio e de enxofre foram responsáveis por alterações nas raízes, em termos de massa seca, comprimento, superfície e concentração desses dois nutrientes. A aplicação de doses elevadas de nitrogênio proporcionou aumentos nos teores de matéria orgânica, nitrato e amônio no solo, com os teores de amônio sendo mais elevados que os de nitrato, e reduções no pH, teor de nitrogênio total e bases trocáveis do solo. Incrementos nos teores de sulfato, amônio, e potássio e cálcio trocáveis no solo foram obtidos com as doses de enxofre. / Fertilizer application has been essential to pastures establishment, maintenance and recovery, whereas sulfur supply may be inadequate for grasses receiving high nitrogen rates. The objectives were to study the effects of combined nitrogen and sulfur rates in a degrading Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) pasture, by evaluating productive, morphological, physiological, nutritional attributes in plants and on soil fertility attributes at four depths. The experiment was carried out in a degrading Signal grass pasture, which was over eight years established in an Entisol. Five nitrogen rates (0; 150; 300; 450 and 600 kg ha-1 year-1) and five sulfur rates (0; 15; 30; 45 and 60 kg ha-1 year-1) were combined in a 5x5 fractionated factorial in a randomized block design, with three replications. Nitrogen was supplied as ammonium nitrate and sulfur as gypsum, and the rates were split into three times in the rainy season. The evaluations in the field occurred at predetermined intervals of 35 days during the rainy season and 65 days in the dry season, in two consecutive years. Plants sampling were done within a 1.00 m x 0.25 m wood rectangle and the cut height was at 5 cm from the soil surface. Roots were collected with a 4 cm diameter auger, at 0-10; 10-20; 20-30 and 30-40 cm soil depths. Measurements were carried on forage dry mass, roots dry mass, roots length and surface, nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) concentrations in diagnostic leaves (DL) and roots, N:S ratio in DL, SPAD readings and leaf area index (LAI). Nitrogen and sulfur combinations promoted the recovery in Signal grass productivity in the first rainy season and first year of experimentation, and nitrogen fertilization resulted in increases in the forage dry mass in the two dry periods, in the second rainy season and second year. Nitrogen rates increased the LAI and the nitrogen concentration in DL in all Signal grass evaluations. SPAD values were increased with nitrogen and sulfur rates in the two years of pasture evaluations. Sulfur non-application resulted in sulfur deficiency in the grass, which was demonstrated by both low sulfur concentration and high N:S ratio in DL. Changes in the roots were verified with nitrogen and sulfur applications, and occurred in dry mass, length, area and concentration of these two nutrients. Applications of high nitrogen rates increased organic matter content, nitrate and ammonium concentrations in the soil, and decreased pH, total nitrogen concentration and sum of exchangeable bases in the soil. Concentration of ammonium was higher than nitrate in the soil. Increases in sulfate, ammonium, and exchangeable potassium and calcium were found with increasing sulfur rates.

A adubação tem sido fundamental para a implantação, manutenção e recuperação de pastagens, enquanto o suprimento de enxofre pode estar sendo inadequado para gramíneas que recebem altas doses de nitrogênio. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos das combinações de doses de nitrogênio e de enxofre em pastagem de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens) em degradação, quanto aos atributos produtivos, morfológicos, fisiológicos e nutricionais das plantas e de fertilidade em quatro profundidades do solo. O experimento foi desenvolvido em pastagem de capimbraquiária, estabelecida há mais de oito anos em solo classificado como Neossolo Quartzarênico e em degradação. Cinco doses de nitrogênio (0; 150; 300; 450 e 600 kg ha-1 ano-1) e cinco doses de enxofre (0; 15; 30; 45 e 60 kg ha-1 ano-1) foram combinadas em um fatorial 5x5 fracionado, em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. O nitrogênio e o enxofre foram fornecidos como nitrato de amônio e gesso, respectivamente, e as doses foram parceladas em três vezes no período chuvoso. As avaliações no experimento ocorreram em intervalos predeterminados de 35 dias no período chuvoso e de 56 dias no período seco, em dois anos consecutivos. As amostragens das plantas ocorreram no interior de um retângulo de madeira de 1,00 m x 0,25 m e o corte do capim foi realizado à altura de 5 cm da superfície do solo. As amostras de raízes foram coletadas por meio de trado de 4 cm de diâmetro, nas profundidades de 0-10; 10-20; 20-30 e 30-40 cm do solo. Foram determinadas a massa seca de forragem, massa seca de raízes, comprimento e superfície radicular, concentrações de nitrogênio (N) e de enxofre (S) nas folhas diagnósticas (LR) e nas raízes, relação N:S nas LR, valor SPAD e o índice de área foliar (IAF). As combinações de doses de nitrogênio e de enxofre promoveram a recuperação da produtividade do capim-braquiária no primeiro período chuvoso e no primeiro ano, enquanto a adubação nitrogenada foi responsável pelo aumento da massa de forragem nos dois períodos secos, no segundo período chuvoso e no segundo ano de experimento. As doses de nitrogênio aumentaram o IAF e a concentração de nitrogênio nas LR em todas as avaliações do capim-braquiária. Os valores SPAD aumentaram com as doses de nitrogênio e de enxofre nos dois anos de avaliação da pastagem. A não-aplicação de enxofre na adubação resultou em deficiência desse nutriente na gramínea, mostrada pelas baixas concentrações do nutriente e elevadas relações N:S nas LR. As doses de nitrogênio e de enxofre foram responsáveis por alterações nas raízes, em termos de massa seca, comprimento, superfície e concentração desses dois nutrientes. A aplicação de doses elevadas de nitrogênio proporcionou aumentos nos teores de matéria orgânica, nitrato e amônio no solo, com os teores de amônio sendo mais elevados que os de nitrato, e reduções no pH, teor de nitrogênio total e bases trocáveis do solo. Incrementos nos teores de sulfato, amônio, e potássio e cálcio trocáveis no solo foram obtidos com as doses de enxofre. / Fertilizer application has been essential to pastures establishment, maintenance and recovery, whereas sulfur supply may be inadequate for grasses receiving high nitrogen rates. The objectives were to study the effects of combined nitrogen and sulfur rates in a degrading Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) pasture, by evaluating productive, morphological, physiological, nutritional attributes in plants and on soil fertility attributes at four depths. The experiment was carried out in a degrading Signal grass pasture, which was over eight years established in an Entisol. Five nitrogen rates (0; 150; 300; 450 and 600 kg ha-1 year-1) and five sulfur rates (0; 15; 30; 45 and 60 kg ha-1 year-1) were combined in a 5x5 fractionated factorial in a randomized block design, with three replications. Nitrogen was supplied as ammonium nitrate and sulfur as gypsum, and the rates were split into three times in the rainy season. The evaluations in the field occurred at predetermined intervals of 35 days during the rainy season and 65 days in the dry season, in two consecutive years. Plants sampling were done within a 1.00 m x 0.25 m wood rectangle and the cut height was at 5 cm from the soil surface. Roots were collected with a 4 cm diameter auger, at 0-10; 10-20; 20-30 and 30-40 cm soil depths. Measurements were carried on forage dry mass, roots dry mass, roots length and surface, nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) concentrations in diagnostic leaves (DL) and roots, N:S ratio in DL, SPAD readings and leaf area index (LAI). Nitrogen and sulfur combinations promoted the recovery in Signal grass productivity in the first rainy season and first year of experimentation, and nitrogen fertilization resulted in increases in the forage dry mass in the two dry periods, in the second rainy season and second year. Nitrogen rates increased the LAI and the nitrogen concentration in DL in all Signal grass evaluations. SPAD values were increased with nitrogen and sulfur rates in the two years of pasture evaluations. Sulfur non-application resulted in sulfur deficiency in the grass, which was demonstrated by both low sulfur concentration and high N:S ratio in DL. Changes in the roots were verified with nitrogen and sulfur applications, and occurred in dry mass, length, area and concentration of these two nutrients. Applications of high nitrogen rates increased organic matter content, nitrate and ammonium concentrations in the soil, and decreased pH, total nitrogen concentration and sum of exchangeable bases in the soil. Concentration of ammonium was higher than nitrate in the soil. Increases in sulfate, ammonium, and exchangeable potassium and calcium were found with increasing sulfur rates.

This study aimed to determine whether rainfall regime has driven differentiation in the Australian perennial grass, Austrodanthonia caespitosa, resulting in local ecotypes possessing characters, such as deep rootedness or summer activity, that may be particularly useful in reducing deep drainage for salinity mitigation, or whether the species shows a plastic response in root growth to soil water distribution. Rainfall regime varies within a given annual rainfall because size and ditribution of rainfall event vary. This can have an important effect on soil water distribution, both spatially and temporally. This study investigates the relationship between rainfall regime and the structure of root systems in local populations of Austrodanthonia caespitosa (Gaudich.), Firstly, it examined a number of indices useful in quantifying variation in small-scale rainfall regime, including seasonal bias, event size, event frequency, and the clustering of events, as well as how rainfall event size may be changing over time across Australia. The variation in soil water distribution that results from different rainfall regimes is expected to interact with root distribution in plants, either acting as a selective force and driving genotypic differentiation in response to soil water availability, or through plasticity in root placement. The relationship between rainfall regime and root depth distribution was examined in Austrodanthonia caespitosa (Gaudich.), or white-top wallaby grass, a perennial grass common across southern Australia. Growth and reproductive traits of plants grown from seeds collected from across the range of this species under a single rainfall regime were compared and correlated with the rainfall indices and soil type in order to establish possible abiotic explanations for trait variability. Phenological characters were found to be particularly variable between ecotypes, but high local variation between ecotypes suggested factors operating on a spatial scale smaller than the rainfall gradients are responsible for population differentiation. In order to investigate the interaction between rainfall event size and root depth, an experiment was conducted to investigate plant response to watering pulse size and frequency, with plants grown under a range of controlled watering regimes, and root depth distribution compared. The primary response in root growth was plastic, with shallow roots being developed under small, frequent events, and deep roots developed under large, infrequent waterings. Differences between ecotypes were less important, and there was no interaction between ecotype and watering treatment, indicating the same degree of plasticity in all ecotypes. Plants from a range of populations were grown under a controlled climate, first under winter conditions, then under summer conditions, with summer water withheld from half the plants, in order to determine the response to summer watering and summer drought. Plants that were watered over summer showed a strong growth response, increasing shoot biomass significantly. This effect was particularly strong in South Australian populations, which was unexpected as they originate from a region with low, unpredictable summer rainfall. Root depth was not strongly influenced by summer watering treatment. Finally, an evolutionary algorithm model was constructed in order to examine optimal plant traits under a variety of rainfall regimes. The model highlighted the importance of the interaction between rainfall regime and soil type in determining optimal root placement. Variable root cost with depth was also found to be an important trade-off to be considered, with high root loss in the surface soil layers, due to high temperatures, making a shallow rooted strategy less efficient than if root costs were equal throughout the root system. Overall, no ecotypes of A.caespitosa could be identified that had characters particularly suited to deep drainage reduction, as the drought tolerant nature of the species, and the dormancy during times of drought, may lead to low overall water use. However, it may be a useful native component in pasture systems, due to its strong growth response to summer rainfall, a characteristic found to be particularly strong in a number of South Australian ecotypes. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008

Originally published as the author's thesis (Ph.D.)--University of London, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [159]-166) and index.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-11T19:31:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BRAZ HENRIQUE NUNES FILHO - TESE PPGEA 2011..pdf: 29183817 bytes, checksum: 733275949972cf806b1cf3c6d67d9615 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T19:31:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRAZ HENRIQUE NUNES FILHO - TESE PPGEA 2011..pdf: 29183817 bytes, checksum: 733275949972cf806b1cf3c6d67d9615 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02 / 0 conhecimento da dinâmica do desenvolvimento de plantas forrageiras constitui uma importante ferramenta tanto para a caracterização do potencial de produção de uma dada espécie, como para a definição do potencial de uso de um dado ecossistema na produção animal. Um dos grandes desafios no manejo de pastagens tem sido estabelecer as práticas mais eficientes, para se alcançar o melhor rendimento sustentável de tais ecossistemas. O capim-Tanzânia tem sido selecionado, dentre as forrageiras mais promissoras para a formação e/ou recuperação de pastagens, em face da sua elevada produção de biomassa, boa aceitabilidade, composição química e digestibilidade satisfatórias. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar e avaliar as variáveis morfogênicas, de produção e qualitativas do capim-Tanzânia e o seu consumo de água ao longo de 35 dias de crescimento, nas condições ecológicas dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Piauí. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na UEP-Parnaíba, pertencente à Embrapa Meio-Norte, em dois períodos experimentais, durante os anos de 2008 e 2009. No tocante à determinação das variáveis de morfogenia, produção e bromatológicas, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por cinco idades de rebrotação (7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias). Nos dois períodos experimentais, as variáveis foram avaliadas nas cinco idades de rebrotação, com as amostragens iniciadas após três cortes subsequentes de uniformização, a 10 cm do solo, a cada 35 dias. Na avaliação do consumo de água da gramínea, foram utilizados dois lisímetros de pesagem medindo 1,5 m x 1,5 m de largura e comprimento por 1,0 m de profundidade para determinar a evapotranspiração da cultura. A irrigação foi realizada por aspersores com vazão de 0,630 m3 h"1 e linhas laterais espaçadas em 12 m x 12 m. A evapotranspiração de referência foi estimada com base na equação de Penman-Monteith a partir dos dados climáticos obtidos em uma estação agrometeorológica automática. As taxas de aparecimento de folhas e alongamento foliar apresentaram um comportamento quadrático (p<0,05), com valores máximos atingidos aos 24 e 26 dias de rebrotação, respectivamente. A taxa de senescência apresentou um aumento mais pronunciado próximo aos 25 dias de rebrotação. O número máximo de folhas vivas expandidas por perfilho foi atingido aos 22 dias de rebrotação. A produtividade de matéria seca aumentou linearmente com a idade de rebrotação, atingindo o valor de 5,7 t ha"1 aos 35 dias. A interceptação luminosa aumentou de maneira assintótica em função do índice de área foliar, com tendência de estabilização para valores entre 4 e 5 e interceptação luminosa de 95%, correspondendo ao intervalo entre 21 e 24 dias de rebrotação. O teor de proteína bruta apresentou comportamento inverso, reduzindo-se linearmente de 17,0% a 7,8% dos 7 aos 35 dias. O teor de fibra em detergente neutro também apresentou resposta linear, atingindo o limite crítico inferior a 60% de 24 a 28 dias de rebrota; o teor de fibra em detergente ácido, por meio de um comportamento quadrático, estimou valores próximos a 35% até a idade de 28 dias. A média da evapotranspiração máxima do capim- Tanzânia para os dois anos foi de 7,75 mm dia"1. Considerando-se o intervalo de corte de 35 dias, os valores de Kc recomendados para o primeiro ano do capim são: 0,5 de 1 a 3 dias após o corte; 0,7 de 4 a 6 dias após o corte; 1,0 de 7 a 10 dias após o corte; 1,2 de 11 a 16 dias após o corte; 1,4 de 17 a 23 dias após o corte; 1,3 de 24 a 30 dias após o corte e 1,1 de 31 a 35 dias após o corte. A partir do segundo ano de condução da cultura, os valores de Kc devem ser: 0,6 de 1 a 3 dias após o corte; 0,9 de 4 a 6 dias após o corte; 1,1 de 7 a 10 dias após o corte; 1,3 de 11 a 16 dias após o corte; 1,5 de 17 a 23 dias após o corte; 1,4 de 24 a 30 dias após o corte e 1,3 de 31 a 35 dias após o corte. A análise conjunta das variáveis envolvidas permitiu a observação do intervalo de 21 a 24 dias como o período de concentração das características fisiológicas mais importantes no desenvolvimento do capim-Tanzânia, com implicação na definição do momento mais adequado para a ocorrência do corte ou pastejo. No entanto, considerando-se o comportamento da gramínea em termo de consumo de água, pode-se definir o intervalo de 24 dias como o período máximo de intervalo entre pastejos, coincidindo também com o seu pico máximo de consumo de água. / Knowledge of the dynamics development of forage plants is an importam tool both for characterizing the potential production of a given species, as for the definition of potential use in a given ecosystem in animal production. One of the great challenges in the management of grassland has been to establish the most efficient practices in order to achieve the best sustainable yield of such ecosystems. The Tanzânia grass has been selected among the most promising fodder for establishment and / or pasture recovery, given their high biomass production, high acceptability, chemical composition and digestibility satisfactory. The objective of the work was to determine and evaluate the interrelationship between morphogenic, production and qualitative variables of Tanzânia grass with their actual water consumption over 35 days of growth, under the ecological conditions of the Coastal Tablelands of Piaui. The study was carried out in UEP-Parnaiba, Embrapa Mid-North, in two experimental periods, during the years 2008 and 2009. Regarding the determination of the morphogenesis, production and chemical variables, the experimental design was a randomized complete block with five replications, with treatments consisting of five regrowth ages (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days). In both experimental periods, the variables were tested at five ages of regrowth, with the sampling started after three subsequent cuts of uniformity, 10 cm above soil, in every 35 days. In evaluating the water consumption of the grass were used two weighing lysimeters, measuring 1.5 m x 1.5 m wide and long and 1.0 m depth to determine the crop evapotranspiration. The sprinkler irrigation was performed with a flow rate 3 1 of 0.630 m h~ and sprinkler lines spaced at 12m x 12m. The reference evapotranspiration was estimated by the Penman-Monteith equation from the climatic data in an automatic weather station. The rates of leaf appearance and leaf elongation showed a quadratic effect (p <0.05), with maximum values achieved at 24 and 26 days of regrowth, respectively. The rate of senescence showed a more pronounced increase at about 25 days of regrowth. The maximum number of live leaves per tiller was reached at 22 days of regrowth. The dry matter yield increased proportionally with age of regrowth reached a value of 5.7 t ha" in 35 days. The light interception increased asymptotically as a function of the leaf area index, which tended to stabilize between values 4 and 5 and light interception of 95%, corresponding to the interval between 21 and 24 days of regrowth. The crude protein content showed an opposite behavior, decreasing linearly from 17.0 to 7.8% from 7 to 35 days. The neutral detergent fiber content also linearly, reaching the criticai limit of less than 60% from 24 to 28 d. xiii regrowth and the acid detergent fiber content, using a quadratic behavior estimated values close to 35% by the age of 28 days. The average maximum evapotranspiration of Tanzânia grass for two years was 7.75 mm day"1. Considering the cutting interval of 35 days, Kc values recommended for the first year of grass are: 0.5, 1 to 3 days after cutting, 0.7 (4-6 days after cutting), 1.0 (7-10 days after cutting), 1.2 (11-16 days after cutting), 1.4 (17-23 days after cutting), 1,3 (24-30 days after cutting) and 1.1 (31-35 days after cutting). From the second year, the values of Kc should be: 0.6 (1-3 days after cutting), 0.9 (4-6 days after cutting), 1.1 (7-10 days after cutting), 1,3 (11-16 days after cutting), 1.5 (17-23 days after cutting), 1,4 (24- 30 days after cutting) and 1.3 (31-35 days after cutting). The analysis of the variables involved allowed the observation of the range of 21 to 24 days as the period of concentrated physiological characteristics of the most important in the development of Tanzânia grass, with implications in defining the most appropriate time for the occurrence of cutting or grazing. However, if consider the behavior of the grass in terms of water consumption, can be defined the interval of 24 days as the maximum grazing interval, since it also coincides with the peak of their water consumption.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 cruz_ss_dr_ilha.pdf: 2461581 bytes, checksum: 8c0489f311b1de27bf6efd13ece3193f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Os Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária tornam-se cada vez mais importantes, devido principalmente às dificuldades encontradas pelos pecuaristas em investir o capital na reforma das pastagens, e, dos agricultores, na recuperação do potencial produtivo das lavouras, no tocante a problemas relacionados à redução do teor de matéria orgânica do solo, ocorrência de pragas, doenças, nematoides e plantas daninhas. Nestes sistemas, a utilização de pastagens na entressafra pode servir como auxílio a estes entraves. Portanto, este trabalho de pesquisa objetivou determinar a produtividade e a qualidade de silagens de sorgo forrageiro em consórcio com a Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, Megathyrsus maximum cv. Mombaça e/ou guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan); e a produtividade e qualidade da pastagem de capim-marandu e capim-mombaça, após o consórcio com o sorgo no Sistema Integrado de Produção Agropecuária em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO distrófico típico argiloso na região de Cerrado de baixa altitude, no período de dois anos agrícolas (2013/2014 e 2014/2015). E ao final do experimento avaliar as alterações nos atributos químicos e físicos do solo, nas camadas de 0 a 0,10 m e de 0,10 a 0,20 m de profundidade, bem como analisar o desempenho econômico da produção das silagens de sorgo em consórcios com gramíneas tropicais e/ou guandu-anão em Sistema Integrado de Produção Agropecuária durante o período de estudo. Os resultados demonstram que o consórcio do sorgo forrageiro com as gramíneas U. brizantha cv. Marandu, M. maximum cv. Mombaça e/ou guandu-anão no momento do primeiro corte foram viáveis para a produção de silagens tanto em quantidade como em qualidade bromatológica. O uso da rebrota do sorgo forrageiro em monocultivo ou em consórcio com a gramínea Marandu e guandu-anão, com Marandu, com guandu-anão apresentam-se como uma boa alternativa na produção de forragem para a produção de silagem de qualidade no período de entressafra. O cultivo da rebrota do sorgo com a gramínea M. maximum, mostrou-se pouco viável em termos produtivos. As gramíneas Marandu e Mombaça cultivadas no outono inverno após o consórcio com o sorgo, apresentaram baixa produtividade para ser usada para pastejo e consequentemente proporcionaram baixa cobertura do solo para o uso no sistema plantio direto. Os sistemas de consórcio do sorgo com Marandu, Mombaça e/ou guandu-anão apresentaram alta exportação de nutrientes do solo e mesmo com o tráfego de máquinas, alteraram positivamente as características químicas do solo, tornando todos os sistemas de cultivo opções viáveis para a produção de silagem de sorgo consorciado com gramíneas e guandu-anão para 2 cortes anuais. Os consórcios do sorgo forrageiro com Marandu, Mombaça e/ou guandu-anão para produção de silagem e, posterior formação de pastagens foram economicamente viáveis. / Currently, integrated agricultural production systems become increasingly important, mainly due to difficulties encountered by farmers to invest capital in the reform of the pastures, and farmers in the recovery of the potential productive of crops, in respect of related problems in reducing the organic matter of soil, occurrence of pests, diseases, nematodes and weeds. In these systems, the use of pastures in the off season can serve as an aid to these barriers. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the productivity and quality of sorghum forage in consortium with Urochloabrizantha cv. Marandu, Megathyrsusmaximum cv. Mombaça and/or dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanuscajan); and productivity and quality Marandu and Mombaça grass pasture after the consortium with sorghum in the Integrated Agricultural Production System in a LATOSSOLO VERMELHO distrófico típico argiloso soil in lowlying Cerrado region during the two agricultural years in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. At the end of the experiment was to evaluate changes in chemical and physical properties of soil, layer 0 to 0.10 m and 0.10 to 0.20 m deep and analyze the economic performance of the production of sorghum silage in consortia with tropical grasses and/or pigeon pea dwarf in Integrated Agricultural Production during the study period. The results demonstrate that the consortium of sorghum with the Marandu, Mombaça and/or pigeon pea dwarf at the first cut were viable for the production of silage both in quantity and in bromatological quality. As well as the use of regrowth of sorghum in monoculture, in consortium with Marandu and pigeon pea dwarf, with Marandu and with pigeon pea dwarf are presented as an good alternative in the production of animal feed to produce quality silage in the off-season. The cultivation of sorghum regrowth with the Mombaça, in this experiment, proved impractical in production prospects. Grasses Marandu and Mombaça grown in winter fall after the consortium with sorghum, showed low productivity to be used for grazing and hence provided low ground cover for use in no-till system. Sorghum consortium systems with Marandu, Mombaça and/or pigeon pea dwarf showed high export of soil nutrients, and even with the traffic machines, positively altered the chemical characteristics of the soil, making all farming systems viable options for the production of intercropped sorghum silage with grass and dwarf pigeon pea to two annual cuts. The consortia of sorghum with Marandu, Mombaça and/or dwarf pigeon pea for silage and later cattle pasture were economically viable.