by Marjorie Grace Howard / Typescript / M.S. Florida State University 1933 / Includes bibliographical references

The U.S. Geological Survey started measuring stream flow in 1888 as part of a public land irrigation study. The demand for accurate stream flow measurement has increased with the rising concern about nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. NPS pollution studies, such as TMDL development, often involve quantification of flow in small first and second order streams. This application of technology intended for use in larger streams presents special problems that must be addressed by the user. The goal of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the current technologies used to measure flow in small streams with respect to accuracy and cost. The analyses involved field investigations, laboratory experiments, and a cost analysis. The specific study objectives were: 1) Compare the accuracy of various methods for estimating stream discharge in small first and second order streams, 2) Compare the accuracy of various methods for estimating stream discharge in a controlled laboratory environment, and 3) Evaluate the costs associated with installation, operation, and maintenance of each of the systems investigated. Ten stream-gaging methods were evaluated for their field performance, laboratory performance, and costs. Analysis of the field investigation data indicated that the Marsh McBirney current meter and the One-orange method were the most accurate among the methods studied. The results of the laboratory experiments imply that the Starflow acoustic Doppler and Valeport BFM001 current meter performed best among the ten methods. The Starflow acoustic Doppler device also proved to be the most cost-effective method. Overall, the Marsh McBirney and Valeport BFM001 current meters exhibited the best performance for both field and laboratory situations among the methods evaluated. / Master of Science

Thesis (M.S. - Hydrology)--University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-85).

Thesis (M.S. - Hydrology and Water Resources)--University of Arizona. / Appendix A: Standard errors of annual discharge and change in reservoir content data from selected stations in the lower Colorado River streamflow-gaging station network, 1995-99 (Water-resources investigations report no.01-4240) Includes bibliographical references (leaf 44).

Thesis (B.S.)--University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy, 1914. / The entire thesis text is included in file. Typescript. Illustrated by authors. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 6, 2009)

No description available.

The overall purpose of this study was to develop sensory evaluation methodology whereby wine quality can be predicted from juice quality. Descriptive analysis was used by a trained panel to describe Pinot noir juice and wine from three sources. From each source, one wine and four juice samples (a control and three treatments) were prepared. The following three treatments were applied to the crushed grapes prior to pressing the juice: freezing and thawing; skin contact with 250 ppm Pectinol VR (a pectinase); and skin contact with 250 ppm Rohapect D5L (another pectinase). The trained panel developed descriptive terminology which differed between Pinot noir juice and Pinot noir wine. The juice treatments created subtle, if any, aroma differences. Treatment differences were evident in color, as measured by human perception and by instrumental measurement. Few characteristics of wine aroma and/or color correlated with juice aroma and/or color. Perceived color correlated well with Somer's color density measurement (the sum of the corrected absorbances at 420 and 520 nm.). Some of the same samples were evaluated by a wine industry panel. They appeared to disagree regarding the definition of varietal character. Further research utilizing grapes from many sources is necessary to determine whether Pinot noir wine quality can be predicted from Pinot noir juice quality. / Graduation date: 1987

In western Oregon the titratable acidity of grapes at harvest may in some seasons be higher than desirable for making quality wine, due to the retention of malic acid. The purposes of this study were 1) to investigate the effects of a vineyard cultural practice, cluster exposure at veraison by basal leaf removal, as a means of reducing the malate content and titratable acidity of grapes, and 2) to develop a rapid, simple, and inexpensive test procedure by which smaller wineries and vineyards could evaluate the effects of their own field experiments on the malate and tartrate content of their grapes. 1. At veraison, clusters of Chardonnay grapes were a) exposed to the sun by removal of all leaves opposite or below the clusters, b) treated as in a) but shaded with shadecloth, c) exposed to the sun by tying back leaves opposite or below the clusters, or d) left untreated as a control. Clusters of White Riesling were exposed to the sun by similar leaf removal a) 10 days before veraison, b) 10 days after veraison, or c) untreated. Clusters of Pinot Noir were exposed a) at veraison, b) 2 weeks after veraison, or c) untreated. Exposed clusters received 3 to 3.5 times more light than shaded clusters and up to 32% more heat, with temperature differences between exposed and shaded treatments being most pronounced during cool, sunny weather. None of the treatments had any effect on juice or berry malate, tartrate, or potassium content; however, exposed clusters of Pinot Noir had a lower pH (.03) and higher titratable acidity (.06%) than the control at harvest. Cluster exposure of Chardonnay increased sunburning of grapes, and cluster exposure of Pinot Noir at veraison caused a 1% reduction in juice soluble solids concentration at harvest. The detrimental effects of cluster exposure by basal leaf removal at veraison, as well as the lack of any major effect on the acid content of the berries, suggest that the practice has no value for acid reduction during a warm, dry maturation season in western Oregon. 2. A rapid, simple procedure for the estimation of the malate and tartrate content of grape juice is described. The procedure, which requires only a pH meter for instrumentation, does not directly measure malate and tartrate but instead measures their buffering effect. Samples are titrated between pH 2.70-3.00 and pH 4.50-4.80 and the titrant volumes required are compared to two sets of empirically derived standard curves. The malate and tartrate composition of the sample may be determined by a graphical or algebraic method. The use of the estimation method, its advantages, and its limitations are illustrated with different viticultural trials. The estimation error (estimated value - measured value) was influenced by many factors including maturity, season, vineyard location, and cultivar. Standard deviations of the estimation error for malate and tartrate in mature grapes were equal to 9% and 15%, respectively, of the mean malate and tartrate concentrations in pooled Pinot Noir and Chardonnay samples from different vineyards and years. The estimation error is probably due to interference from other buffers present in juice. Although not as accurate as existing analytical methods, the estimation method appears potentially useful for determining relative effects of treatments in vineyard trials where analytical equipment is unavailable or for monitoring malate decline during maturation of grapes. / Graduation date: 1987

Text in Afrikaans / Water is in 'n relatief droe land soos Suid-Afrika van uiterste belang. Daar is 'n groot behoefte aan inligting oor die potensieel verbruikbare waterbronne. Hierin word voorsien deur 'n netwerk van riviervloeimeetstasies. Met veranderende ekonomiese toestande word die effektiwiteit van die netwerk van al hoe groter belang. Dit is hier waar netwerkbeplanning 'n aktiewe rol begin speel. As gevolg van die groot variasie in die aard van die opvanggebiede in Suid-Afrika, en die feit dat daar 'n bestaande netwerk is, is dit nodig dat netwerkbeplanning stapsgewys benader word. Die Eerste Fase is 'n leerproses. Die verskillende opvanggebiede in die land kan gegroepeer word en die meetstasies kan geklassifiseer word. 'n Netwerkbeplanningsmetode, "Die ideale netwerk", is ontwikkel en word op drie opvanggebiede toegepas. Die belangrikste resultaat is die klassifikasie van al die meetstasies in die drie opvanggebiede. / In a relative dry country like South Africa water is of critical importance. Information on the potential usable water resources is very valuable. This information is supplied by a network of river flow gauging stations. In changing economic times the effectiveness of this network is of increasing importance. Network design plays a major role in insuring this. Network design has to be approached in phases because of the variety in catchment characteristics in South Africa, and the fact that there is an existing network. The First Phase can be regarded as a learning phase, in which all the catchments in the country can be grouped and the stations can be classified. A network design method, · "The ideal network", was developed, and is applied in three catchments. The most important result is the classification of all the existing stations in the three catchments. / Geography / M. Sc. (Geografie)

Text in Afrikaans / Water is in 'n relatief droe land soos Suid-Afrika van uiterste belang. Daar is 'n groot behoefte aan inligting oor die potensieel verbruikbare waterbronne. Hierin word voorsien deur 'n netwerk van riviervloeimeetstasies. Met veranderende ekonomiese toestande word die effektiwiteit van die netwerk van al hoe groter belang. Dit is hier waar netwerkbeplanning 'n aktiewe rol begin speel. As gevolg van die groot variasie in die aard van die opvanggebiede in Suid-Afrika, en die feit dat daar 'n bestaande netwerk is, is dit nodig dat netwerkbeplanning stapsgewys benader word. Die Eerste Fase is 'n leerproses. Die verskillende opvanggebiede in die land kan gegroepeer word en die meetstasies kan geklassifiseer word. 'n Netwerkbeplanningsmetode, "Die ideale netwerk", is ontwikkel en word op drie opvanggebiede toegepas. Die belangrikste resultaat is die klassifikasie van al die meetstasies in die drie opvanggebiede. / In a relative dry country like South Africa water is of critical importance. Information on the potential usable water resources is very valuable. This information is supplied by a network of river flow gauging stations. In changing economic times the effectiveness of this network is of increasing importance. Network design plays a major role in insuring this. Network design has to be approached in phases because of the variety in catchment characteristics in South Africa, and the fact that there is an existing network. The First Phase can be regarded as a learning phase, in which all the catchments in the country can be grouped and the stations can be classified. A network design method, · "The ideal network", was developed, and is applied in three catchments. The most important result is the classification of all the existing stations in the three catchments. / Geography / M. Sc. (Geografie)