Rapid expansion of the biodiesel industry has led to a surplus of crude glycerol. This thesis investigates the ability of fungi to utilize crude glycerol as an alternative to conventional carbon substrates for growth and lipid production. Screening revealed that 40 of the 61 isolates tested had increased biomass yield, compared to glucose, when crude glycerol was utilized; 29 of these isolates possessed the ability to completely metabolize 14 g•L-1 of glycerol after 7-14 days. The top four candidates belonged to the genera Galactomyces and Mucor. Overall, Galactomyces sp. proved to be better suited for lipid production. In addition to producing biomass with a high lipid content (up to 45 % w/w), Galactomyces sp. also exhibited high biomass yields (up to 25 g•L-1). The results obtained in this study compare favourably, and in some cases exceed, other literature reported values for biomass and lipid production using glycerol. / CanAdvance and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Le goéland leucophée endémique dans la région méditerranéenne française. Son mycobiote intestinal n'a jamais été étudié. Ce travail visait à décrire le rôle de ces oiseaux comme réservoir et disséminateur de champignons pathogènes pour l’homme. Nous avons collecté 177 guano de goélands dans cinq sites sur le littoral méditerranéen français; La Grande-Motte, Palavas-les-Flots, Pierre-Blanche, Frioul and Riou archipels. Nous avons identifié dix-sept espèces de levure; les plus fréquentes étant Candida krusei, Galactomyces geotrichum, C. glabrata et C. albicans. On notait d’une part une augmentation de la fréquence des espèces anthropiques de levures C. glabrata et C. albicans avec l’anthropisation des biotopes des colonies de goélands dont d’isolats résistants aux antifongiques. Nous avons analysé les communautés de champignons filamenteux aérocontaminants isolés à partir des mêmes échantillons. Nous avons identifié 16 genres de champignons filamenteux. la faible diversité et abondance de champignons filamenteux dans les zones urbaines par rapport aux suburbains ou à un environnement peu affecté par l'anthropisation et l’association claire entre certaines espèces fongiques et des environnements particuliers. nous avons analysé la génétique des populations de la levure C. glabrata. Nous avons typé par MLVA, 111 isolats de goélands et 79 isolats collectés chez des patients des hôpitaux de Nîmes, Montpellier et Marseille. Nous avons observé une diversité génétique similaire entre les populations de C. glabrata isolées chez le goéland ou chez l’homme. Les isolats de C. glabrata résistants au fluconazole se distribuaient uniformément dans les deux populations. / The yellow-legged gull is endemic in the French Mediterranean area. Their gut mycobiota has never been studied. This work aimed to describe their role in the spreading of potentially human pathogenic fungi with antifungal resistance. Therefore, we sampled 177 yellow-legged gull’s faecal samples in five sites along the Mediterranean littoral South of France; La Grande-Motte, Palavas-les-Flots, Pierre-Blanche, Frioul and Riou archipelagos. We identified seventeen yeast species; the most frequent were Candida krusei, Galactomyces geotrichum, C. glabrata, C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The frequency of the anthropic yeast species C. glabrata and C. albicans increased with the synanthropy of the gull’s colonies and antifungal resistance was found in each of the five most frequent yeast species. We further analyzed the airborne filamentous fungi species isolated from the same sample cultures. We identified 35 filamentous fungi species in 16 genera including 35 species. Both fungal diversity and abundance were low in urban area when compared to suburban ecocline or environments that were little affected by anthropogenic impact and particular fungal species were clearly associated with distinct environments. Finally, we analyzed the population genetic of the human pathogenic yeast C. glabrata, which were isolated from gulls (111 isolates) and from patients (79 isolates) in Nimes, Montpellier and Marseille hospitals, via MLVA analysis. We found that the C. glabrata populations isolated from gulls or humans shared a similar genetic diversity. Antifungal-resistant C. glabrata isolates were evenly distributed in both gull and human populations.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-02-03T15:40:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) raquel_valinhas_valinhas.pdf: 1656761 bytes, checksum: 00017019b4fa3fe531057e5a13df688e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T15:03:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) raquel_valinhas_valinhas.pdf: 1656761 bytes, checksum: 00017019b4fa3fe531057e5a13df688e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T15:03:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) raquel_valinhas_valinhas.pdf: 1656761 bytes, checksum: 00017019b4fa3fe531057e5a13df688e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / A busca por linhagens de leveduras fermentadoras de pentoses ? uma demanda do processo de produ??o de etanol a partir de substratos lignocelul?sicos. A D-xilose, proveniente dos processos de hidr?lise da hemicelulose n?o ? metabolizada por linhagens de leveduras, como as da esp?cie Saccharomyces cerevisiae, convencionalmente utilizadas na maioria dos processos industriais para obten??o de ?lcool de primeira gera??o. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo isolar leveduras naturalmente ocorrentes em biomassas vegetais e avaliar sua capacidade para converter D-xilose em etanol. O isolamento foi conduzido em meio s?lido contendo D-xilose como fonte de carbono. Os isolados foram triados por teste de produ??o de g?s em meio contendo D-xilose e os que apresentaram resultado positivo foram testados para produ??o de etanol. Dos 202 isolados de leveduras capazes de assimilar D-xilose para o crescimento, quatro linhagens apresentaram habilidade em fermentar este a??car. O potencial fermentativo das leveduras selecionadas foi avaliado em meios sint?ticos, onde foram monitorados o crescimento celular e consumo dos a??cares. O teor alco?lico foi determinado ao fim de cada ensaio e as vari?veis do processo foram calculadas. As linhagens isoladas foram identificadas como Galactomyces geotricum e Candida akabanensis, n?o havendo nenhum registro de aplica??o biotecnol?gica para produ??o de biocombust?veis a partir destas linhagens. A produ??o de etanol foi de 4,7 a 14,0 g L-1 e a efici?ncia fermentativa de at? 69%. O processo de bioconvers?o da xilose, contida em hidrolisados hemicelul?sicos, a etanol surge como perspectiva potencial para eventual aplica??o das linhagens de leveduras selecionadas. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The screening for new strains of pentose fermenting yeast is a demand for ethanol production process from lignocellulosic substrates. D-xylose from processes of hemicellulose hydrolysis is not metabolized by yeast strains conventionally used in industrial processes for obtaining first generation ethanol, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae species. In this context, this study aimed to isolate naturally occurring yeasts in vegetal species or its parts and assess their ability to convert D-xylose to ethanol. The isolation was carried out in solid medium containing D-xylose as only carbon source. The isolates were screened by gas production test in medium containing D-xylose and those who had positive results were tested for ethanol production. Of the 202 isolates of yeasts capable of assimilating D-xylose for growth, four strains also showed ability to ferment this sugar. The potential of fermentative selected yeasts has been reported in synthetic media, in which the cell growth and consumption of sugars were monitored. Alcohol content was determined after each run and some process variables were calculated. The isolated strains were identified as Geotricum galactomyces and Candida akabanensis, not having any biotechnological application record for production of biofuels from these species. Ethanol production achieved 4.7 to 14.0 g L-1 and the fermentative efficiency up to 69%. The bioconversion process of xylose (contained in hemicellulose hydrolysates) to ethanol appears as natural perspective for eventual application of selected yeasts.

No description available.