INTRODUÇÃO: A litíase biliar é uma doença do trato digestivo que apresenta prevalência variada em diferentes grupos étnicos e que gera altos gastos aos sistemas de saúde. A possibilidade de aplicação de tratamento não invasivo medicamentoso está direcionada a presença de cálculo de colesterol o que leva a necessidade de identificar corretamente os pacientes que podem beneficiar-se com o tratamento. No Brasil estima-se uma prevalência da doença em 9,3% da população em geral. Porém, ainda não há estudos que demonstrem a composição de cálculo de colesterol e pigmentos nos pacientes, bem como não há estudos de análise dos lipídios biliares e sua relação com os mecanismos fisiopatológicos da doença. Nossos objetivos foram analisar a composição do cálculo e da bile e compará-la com fatores pré-dispositivos da doença como tempo de nucleação e hiper saturação de colesterol em pacientes brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 72 amostras de bile vesicular e cálculo biliar de pacientes com litíase biliar submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico laparoscópico em diferentes hospitais da grande São Paulo. Quatorze amostras de bile vesicular de pacientes que foram submetidos à laparoscopia por problemas gastrointestinais, mas que não apresentavam litíase biliar foram usadas como controle. Foram realizadas análises bioquímicas para avaliar a composição dos cálculos e da bile. Os cálculos foram analisados de acordo com a porcentagem de colesterol e bilirrubina em relação ao peso total do cálculo. A concentração dos ácidos biliares foi determinada pela técnica HPLC. O índice de saturação do colesterol foi calculado de acordo com a metodologia descrita por Carey. O tempo de nucleação foi avaliado através de microscopia de luz polarizada durante 21 dias. RESULTADOS: No grupo de pacientes com litíase biliar, 48 eram do sexo feminino (66,7%) e a média de idade foi 54,1 anos ± 13,1 (mínima de 18 anos e máxima de 75 anos). Do total de cálculos analisados (n=72) 75% foram classificados como cálculo de colesterol e 25% como cálculo de bilirrubina. A bile dos pacientes com cálculo de colesterol apresentou menor concentração de fosfolipídios p<0,05), maior índice de saturação de colesterol (p<0,001), menor tempo de nucleação (p<0,05) e maior concentração de ácido deoxicólico (p<0,05) quando comparada com a bile de pacientes controle. CONCLUSÕES: Os nossos resultados mostraram que a composição dos cálculos não foi homogênea na nossa amostra. Análise da bile mostrou-se semelhante aos trabalhos encontrados na literatura, os fatores litogênicos estavam presentes na bile dos pacientes com cálculo de colesterol e mostraram-se precursores eficientes para formação do cálculo / Introduction: Gallstone disease represents a prevalent and costly health problem. The changing epidemiology and the emerging non-surgical interventions for gallstone disease necessitate the definition of target populations for future therapies. The prevalence of biliary lithiasis in Brazil is around 9,3% of the general population with more than 20 years old, however it is necessary investigative studies to determine the composition of the gallstones and the correlation between bile lipids and disease physiopathology factors. Objectives: This study aimed to define patterns of gallstone composition and evaluate the biliary predictors factors of gallstone disease as nucleation time and cholesterol saturation index in Brazilian patients. Methods: Seventy two post- cholecystectomy gallstone specimens and gallbladder bile were obtained from different hospitals of the city of Sao Paulo. Fourteen gallbladder bile samples were obtained as control samples, from patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery due to gastrointestinal symptoms without gallbladder disease. Biochemistry analyses were performed to determine the composition of the gallstones and bile. Gallstones were classified according to their cholesterol and bilirrubin content linked with their dry weight. The concentration of bile salts was evaluated by HPLC technique. The cholesterol saturation index (CSI) was calculated in accordance with Carey methods. The nucleation time was evaluated by polarized light microscopy during 21 days. Results: There were 48 women and 22 men in the Gallbladder disease patients group. The mean age of the patients were 54,1 ± 13,1 years old (range 18 75 years old). Cholesterol stones were found in 75% of the stones. The bile of the cholesterol gallstone patients presented lower concentration of phospholipids (p<0,05), higher CSI (p<0,001), lower nucleation time (p<0,05) and higher concentration of deoxicholic acid (p<0,05) when compared with control group. Conclusions: Our results showed the composition of gallstones in our samples was not homogeneous. The analysis of bile is in accordance with literary findings and the lithogenic factors were presented in the bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones and they seem to be effective predictors factors for the gallstone formation in our population

INTRODUÇÃO: A litíase biliar é uma doença do trato digestivo que apresenta prevalência variada em diferentes grupos étnicos e que gera altos gastos aos sistemas de saúde. A possibilidade de aplicação de tratamento não invasivo medicamentoso está direcionada a presença de cálculo de colesterol o que leva a necessidade de identificar corretamente os pacientes que podem beneficiar-se com o tratamento. No Brasil estima-se uma prevalência da doença em 9,3% da população em geral. Porém, ainda não há estudos que demonstrem a composição de cálculo de colesterol e pigmentos nos pacientes, bem como não há estudos de análise dos lipídios biliares e sua relação com os mecanismos fisiopatológicos da doença. Nossos objetivos foram analisar a composição do cálculo e da bile e compará-la com fatores pré-dispositivos da doença como tempo de nucleação e hiper saturação de colesterol em pacientes brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 72 amostras de bile vesicular e cálculo biliar de pacientes com litíase biliar submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico laparoscópico em diferentes hospitais da grande São Paulo. Quatorze amostras de bile vesicular de pacientes que foram submetidos à laparoscopia por problemas gastrointestinais, mas que não apresentavam litíase biliar foram usadas como controle. Foram realizadas análises bioquímicas para avaliar a composição dos cálculos e da bile. Os cálculos foram analisados de acordo com a porcentagem de colesterol e bilirrubina em relação ao peso total do cálculo. A concentração dos ácidos biliares foi determinada pela técnica HPLC. O índice de saturação do colesterol foi calculado de acordo com a metodologia descrita por Carey. O tempo de nucleação foi avaliado através de microscopia de luz polarizada durante 21 dias. RESULTADOS: No grupo de pacientes com litíase biliar, 48 eram do sexo feminino (66,7%) e a média de idade foi 54,1 anos ± 13,1 (mínima de 18 anos e máxima de 75 anos). Do total de cálculos analisados (n=72) 75% foram classificados como cálculo de colesterol e 25% como cálculo de bilirrubina. A bile dos pacientes com cálculo de colesterol apresentou menor concentração de fosfolipídios p<0,05), maior índice de saturação de colesterol (p<0,001), menor tempo de nucleação (p<0,05) e maior concentração de ácido deoxicólico (p<0,05) quando comparada com a bile de pacientes controle. CONCLUSÕES: Os nossos resultados mostraram que a composição dos cálculos não foi homogênea na nossa amostra. Análise da bile mostrou-se semelhante aos trabalhos encontrados na literatura, os fatores litogênicos estavam presentes na bile dos pacientes com cálculo de colesterol e mostraram-se precursores eficientes para formação do cálculo / Introduction: Gallstone disease represents a prevalent and costly health problem. The changing epidemiology and the emerging non-surgical interventions for gallstone disease necessitate the definition of target populations for future therapies. The prevalence of biliary lithiasis in Brazil is around 9,3% of the general population with more than 20 years old, however it is necessary investigative studies to determine the composition of the gallstones and the correlation between bile lipids and disease physiopathology factors. Objectives: This study aimed to define patterns of gallstone composition and evaluate the biliary predictors factors of gallstone disease as nucleation time and cholesterol saturation index in Brazilian patients. Methods: Seventy two post- cholecystectomy gallstone specimens and gallbladder bile were obtained from different hospitals of the city of Sao Paulo. Fourteen gallbladder bile samples were obtained as control samples, from patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery due to gastrointestinal symptoms without gallbladder disease. Biochemistry analyses were performed to determine the composition of the gallstones and bile. Gallstones were classified according to their cholesterol and bilirrubin content linked with their dry weight. The concentration of bile salts was evaluated by HPLC technique. The cholesterol saturation index (CSI) was calculated in accordance with Carey methods. The nucleation time was evaluated by polarized light microscopy during 21 days. Results: There were 48 women and 22 men in the Gallbladder disease patients group. The mean age of the patients were 54,1 ± 13,1 years old (range 18 75 years old). Cholesterol stones were found in 75% of the stones. The bile of the cholesterol gallstone patients presented lower concentration of phospholipids (p<0,05), higher CSI (p<0,001), lower nucleation time (p<0,05) and higher concentration of deoxicholic acid (p<0,05) when compared with control group. Conclusions: Our results showed the composition of gallstones in our samples was not homogeneous. The analysis of bile is in accordance with literary findings and the lithogenic factors were presented in the bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones and they seem to be effective predictors factors for the gallstone formation in our population

Title: Using of alternative therapeutic techniques to vertebrovisceral links of liver and gallbladder diseases Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to find out a sufficient amount of information on the subject of functional liver and gallbladder diseases, possibilities of conventional treatment and alternative treatment options. Another goal of this thesis is to compile an assessment protocol, based on the theoretical background, according to which it is possible to diagnose patients with functional liver and gallbladder diseases. An additional goal of this thesis is to create a treatment concept for patients with functional liver and gallbladder diseases. This treatment concept will be based on the knowledge of yoga and traditional Chinese medicine. Last goal is to compare conventional physiotherapy with the concept created. Methods: The theoretical part of this thesis focuses on the issue of functional disease of liver and gallbladder. In takes into account the current research and data found in Czech and foreign literature. The practical part looks into the effects of complex therapy methods using experiments. The therapy itself includes changes of the patients' lifestyles, which are based on traditional Chinese medicine and yoga asanas, which were compiled for the purposes of this thesis for...

Background The gallstone prevalence in the western world is 10-20%. Most gallstones are silent, but symptoms and complications appear in 20-40%. The incidence of symptom development in patients with silent gallstones is 2-4% per year. The indication for surgical (including endoscopic) treatment of gallstones is symptoms of certain magnitude, and no contraindications. During the past three decades an intense technical development in imaging (ultrasound, computerised tomography and magnetic resonance imaging), endoscopic therapy, and surgery has taken place. The aim of this thesis is to scrutinize changes in management of complicated gallstone disease on a population-based level, using national register data. Have the new methods improved the treatment of acute pancreatitis, common bile duct stones and acute gallbladder disease? Methods Data is collected from National Patient Register (NPR) run by The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. NPR collects discharge data from every admission from every Swedish hospital. Mortality is calculated as standardised mortality ratio (SMR) using age-, gender-, and calendar year specific survival estimates. We have studied both general trends in admissions and treatment alternatives and outcomes in defined patient cohorts. Length of hospital stay, readmission, and mortality has been used as proxy indicators of the effectiveness of treatment strategies used. Results During the study period mortality in acute pancreatitis (SMR within 90 days of admission) improved and hospital stay for all patients with acute pancreatitis decreased. Cholecystectomy rate at or shortly after index stay for mild acute biliary pancreatitis increased from 14.5 % to 22.7 %. Of all patients with acute pancreatitis 68.4 % of the patients had no aetiological diagnosis in the register. The incidence of bile duct interventions increased 27.8% from 1988 through 2006. The favoured treatment of bile duct stones changed from open choledocholithectomy to endoscopic sphincterotomy with stone extraction during the same period. However, in 2006, still 19.6% of bile duct interventions for stones were performed as choledochotomy and in the great majority of these cases as open surgery. This indicates a continuing need of education in open bile duct surgery. Mean hospital stay for treatment of common bile duct stones decreased significantly (4.5 days) during the period studied. The mortality (SMR) diminished although without statistical significance during the time period, and there was no significant difference in SMR between choledochotomy and endoscopic sphincterotomy. For acute gallbladder disease a moderate increase of admissions occurred from 1988 through 2006. The relation between acute cholecystectomies versus all cholecystectomies did not change during this period. Of all patients admitted with acute gallbladder disease 32.3 % were cholecystectomised during their first hospital stay, whereas 20.3 % underwent elective cholecystectomy and 6.1 % emergency cholecystectomy within two years of first admission. 41.4 % of patients were not operated on for gallbladder disease within two years of first admission with this diagnosis. Mortality from first admission and 90 days onwards was elevated three-fold during the entire period without time trend, without statistical difference between age groups, and between patients who had cholecystectomy at first admission or later. Conclusion During the audit period treatment of acute pancreatitis improved. However, etiological classification and timing of cholecystectomy in mild acute biliary pancreatitis fell below accepted guidelines. Interventions on the common bile duct for gallstone disease increased significantly. Common bile duct clearance has been separated from cholecystectomy, and cholecystectomy often not done. Only one third of all patients with acute gallbladder disease underwent cholecystectomy at first admission. There is room for improvement in treatment of complicatedgallstone disease, and, gallstone surgeons still need good knowledge in open biliary surgery.