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Certification standards for sustainable game ranching in the Northern Province, South AfricaDu Toit, Engela A. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Formal systems of environmental management and certification for activities associated
with extensive land use, relate mainly to forestry. The emergence of forest certification
largely originates from the issue of tropical deforestation and the associated boycott
campaigns against tropical timber. At the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, a new set of international norms were set in
the form of Forest Principles. These were non-binding and together with international
initiatives, such as the Tropical Forestry Action Programme and the International
Tropical Timber Organisation have failed to decrease deforestation. New efforts to
encourage sustainable forestry through forest certification were made by Non
Governmental Organisations which collaborated with the private sector in developing
new policy instruments. They followed the trend of eco-labelling in an attempt to link
green consumers to producers whose aim it is to improve management practices. The
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) was established. The FSC system relies on forest
management principles and criteria approved by itself and is based on performance
standards. The International Standards Organisation (ISO) also developed a management
standard based on the principle of continuous improvement. ISO developed the ISO
14001 standard for the certification of Environmental Management Systems which is
applicable to any industry concerned with the environment. From questionnaire surveys
carried out among a sample of private game ranch owners/managers in the Northern
Province, current standards of management were established. It was found that private
owners/managers rely mostly on their own experience and knowledge. Information about
management on game ranches is rarely available and only major concerns and most
visible problems are attended to. Guidelines with standards for an Environmental
Management System (EMS) according to the ISO 14000 series were drawn up from the
results of the surveys and a literature review. A checklist of principles and criteria which
could be used for the certification process was also developed. The final objective is to
attain quality game ranch management which is environmentally sensitive, socially
aware/beneficial and economically viable. This is crucial for the conservation and
preservation of the natural systems in South Africa in which private land owners playa
major role. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Formele omgewingsbestuursisteme en sertifisering vir aktiwiteite wat geassosieer word
met ekstensiewe grondbenutting, word hoofsaaklik gekoppel met bosbou. Die konsep
van sertifisering het tot stand gekom as gevolg van die omstredenheid rondom ontbossing
en die gassosieerde sanksies teen tropiese hout. By die Verenigde Nasies Konferensie
oor Omgewing en Ontwikkeling in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 is 'n nuwe stel internasionale
norme daargestel in die vorm van Bosbeginsels. Hierdie was nie-bindend en saam met
internasionale inisiatiewe soos die Tropiese Bos Aksie Program en die Internasionale
Tropiese Hout Organisasie het hulle gefaal om ontbossing te verminder. Nuwe pogings
om volhoubare bosboupraktyke aan te moedig is aangewend nadat Nie-Regering
Organisasies en die privaatsektor saamgewerk het om nuwe beleidsinstrumente te
ontwikkel. Hulle het die neiging vir die "eko-etiket" nagevolg in 'n poging om
omgewingsbewuste verbruikers in kontak te bring met produseerders wat gemoeid is met
verbeterde bestuurspraktyke. Die Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) het tot stand gekom
en hulle sisteem sluit bosbestuursbeginsels en kriteria in wat deur hulleself goedgekeur is
en gebaseer is op werkverrigtingstandaarde. Die Internasionale Standaarde Organisasie
(ISO) het ook 'n bosbestuurstandaard opgestel gebaseer op die beginsel van kontinue
verbetering. ISO het die ISO 14001 standaard opgestel vir Omgewingsbestuursisteme
wat van toepassing gemaak kan word op enige industrie wat gemoeid is met die
omgewmg. Na afhandeling van vraelys opnames onder privaat wildsplaas
eienaars/bestuurders, is daar vasgestel wat die standaard van bestuur tans in die
Noordelike Provinsie is. Privaat eienaarsIbestuurders maak meestal staat op hulle eie
ondervinding en kennis. Inligting oor die bestuur van die wildsplase is nie geredelik
beskikbaar nie en slegs die mees sigbare en grootste probleme word bestuur. 'n Riglyn
met standaarde vir 'n Omgewingsbestuursisteem volgens ISO is opgestel vanaf resultate
van die opnames en 'n literatuurstudie asook 'n "Checklist" wat beginsels en kriteria
insluit wat gebruik kan word in die sertifiseringsproses is ook ontwerp. Die finale doel is
om kwaliteit bestuur te bewerkstellig wat omgewingsensitief, sosiaal bewus/voordelig en
ekonomies lewensvatbaar is. Laasgenoemde is uiters belangrik aangesien privaat
grondeienaars 'n sleutelrol speel in die bewaring en preservering van die natuurlike
sisteme in Suid-Afrika.
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Contested rights : the impact of game farming on farm workers in the Bushmen's River areaLuck, Kelly January 2004 (has links)
This thesis is an investigation of the impact of commercial game farming on former farm workers in the Bushman's River area of the Eastern Cape. In its examination of the broader economic and political changes that have facilitated a move from agriculture to game farming, it analyses how these changes affect farm workers. The main concern of the thesis is the ways in which farm workers (at the local level) respond to changes at the national and global level (legal and political changes, the advent of tourism, and the injection of foreign capital and businessmen into the area). Lack of knowledge about their rights under the current political dispensation, as well as the perceived need for mediation between themselves and foreign landowners, points to a general sense of powerlessness. Feelings of alienation from local government structures aimed at fulfilling this function indicate a significant gap between the statute at the national level and the local reality. Local reality is informed by a strong conservatism which is generated by African Independent Church structures and local Xhosa perceptions of manhood and respectability. This conservative discourse leads to a frame of reference which is largely informed by pre-1994 interactions with farmers and government. This results in a situation in which farm workers, largely unaware of their rights in the new dispensation, operate as they did in the past; waiting for landowners to decide their fate for them. What ensues is a lack of meaningful interaction with government and landowners, perpetuating their subjugation and cynicism as to whether government structures are in fact working in their interests. The thesis comes to three main conclusions. The first is that game farming has been negatively received by farm workers due to the associated threats of unemployment and eviction. The second is that despite high levels of subjugation, even the very poor are agents to some degree. The creation of a masculine identity which is internally articulated, as opposed to outwardly expressed, and the grounding of reputation in the family suggest that farm workers have developed mechanisms to deal with their disempowered position. Lastly, farm workers are in possession of social capital which has made it possible for them to deal with their low status in the societal hierarchy. This includes the Church, family and fellow community members. These coping strategies have however proved a disadvantage in the current era because they prevent direct communication with landowners, government and NGOs.
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Investigating aspects of corporate citizenship on private game farms: the case of Mtshelezi Game Reserve in Makana Municipality, Eastern Cape ProvinceNyama, Cynthia January 2008 (has links)
Research show that post 1996 period has experienced an unprecedented increase in game based operations. The corporate citizenship or corporate social responsibility of the game reserves is of much interest to this study with a focus on the rights of previous and current occupants of farms, workers’ well-being, job creation, quality of life and poverty alleviation within the game/tourism industry. The research was conducted as a qualitative case study and the tools employed for data gathering include: a review of the relevant literature, interviews (face-to-face), the administering of a questionnaire survey and document analysis from diversity of resources which include the Department of Labour, East Cape Agricultural Research Project, and through use of multiple data sources. The approach taken in this dissertation is to examine to what extent the private game reserves in the Makana Municipality can be labelled as “corporate citizens” and this was done by means of a case study of one private game reserve. The areas that are deemed to be most important in this regard are (i) employment history (ii) educational opportunities (iii) wages (iv) housing (v) land tenure. The study established that younger, better educated people are likely to secure better paying employment on PGR. The nature and conditions of sale of the farm to the PGR can impact on the employment secured by workers in the new dispensation. Workers are tied to these jobs because of the very long hours that prevent them from doing anything else to earn money. Some of the workers had opportunities to learn new skills but the question remains; which people are these and how long will growing differentials in earnings reproduce the poorly educated worker in the next generation. The study also high lightened the need for academics and researchers to come with a common set of corporate citizenship measures such as to measure corporate social impacts.
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