Orientador: Luiz Roberto Carrocci / Banca: Maurício Araújo Zanardi / Banca: Marco Aurélio Ferreira / Resumo: O estudo do escoamento bifásico gás-sólido está incluído no assunto referido ao escoamento multifásico. Este tipo de escoamento multifásico é encontrado no transporte pneumático, combustão do carvão, reatores de leito fluidizado e ciclones. O escoamento bifásico gás-sólido é extremamente complicado devido ao grande número de variáveis envolvidas, a interação entre as fases, e a complexa dinâmica que desenvolve durante o processo. Uma das áreas menos entendidas referente ao estudo do escoamento multifásico é a transferência da quantidade de movimento e o acoplamento entre as fases. A proposta desta dissertação é pesquisar aspectos da transferência da quantidade de movimento em um escoamento bifásico gás-sólido vertical descendente sobre a base das equações unidimensionais desenvolvidas para o referido escoamento. Os efeitos dinâmicos entre as fases são analisados considerando um acoplamento unidirecional tendo em conta termos tais como a força de arraste sobre as partículas, a força da gravidade e o atrito partícula-parede. Para a resolução do modelo teórico foi empregado o método Runge-Kutta-Merson. O modelo teórico permite calcular e avaliar a influência das variáveis do escoamento sobre o perfil axial da velocidade média das partículas e também possibilita a determinação de outras variáveis tais como a fração volumétrica de sólidos. Adicionalmente é projetado um sistema de instrumentação para medir a velocidade média das partículas através da medição do tempo médio de trânsito das partículas. Resultado da pesquisa demonstra o complexo comportamento e as dificuldades encontradas no desenvolvimento da instrumentação para esta classe de escoamento. / Abstract: The study of gas-solid two-phase flow is included in a more general subject named as multiphase flow. This kind of multiphase flow is encountered in the pneumatic conveying, combustion of pulverized coal, fluidized bed reactor and cyclones. The gas-solid two-phase flow is extremely complicated because of the large number of variables involved, the interaction between the phases, and complex dynamical developments occurring in the process. One of the least understood areas of multiphase flows is the momentum transfer or the phase coupling. The purpose of this dissertation is to research aspects of momentum exchange on a vertical downward gassolid flow on the basis of one-dimensional equations developed for gas-solid twophase flow. The dynamic effects between the two phases are considered by one way coupling taking into account terms such as the drag force on the particles, gravity and the particle-wall frictions. For the solution of theoretical model the Runge-Kutta- Merson method was employed. The theoretical model allows to calculate and to evaluate the influence of the flow variables on the axial profile for the average velocity of particles and also enables the determination of other variables such as the solid hold-up. Also it is designed an experimental system to measure the average velocity of particles by measuring the average time of transit of them. The results show the complex behavior and the difficulties in developing instrumentation for this class of flow. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:20:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 romeroluna_cm_me_guara.pdf: 1053862 bytes, checksum: 6b390f03c3acc981055903699c40d29a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O estudo do escoamento bifásico gás-sólido está incluído no assunto referido ao escoamento multifásico. Este tipo de escoamento multifásico é encontrado no transporte pneumático, combustão do carvão, reatores de leito fluidizado e ciclones. O escoamento bifásico gás-sólido é extremamente complicado devido ao grande número de variáveis envolvidas, a interação entre as fases, e a complexa dinâmica que desenvolve durante o processo. Uma das áreas menos entendidas referente ao estudo do escoamento multifásico é a transferência da quantidade de movimento e o acoplamento entre as fases. A proposta desta dissertação é pesquisar aspectos da transferência da quantidade de movimento em um escoamento bifásico gás-sólido vertical descendente sobre a base das equações unidimensionais desenvolvidas para o referido escoamento. Os efeitos dinâmicos entre as fases são analisados considerando um acoplamento unidirecional tendo em conta termos tais como a força de arraste sobre as partículas, a força da gravidade e o atrito partícula-parede. Para a resolução do modelo teórico foi empregado o método Runge-Kutta-Merson. O modelo teórico permite calcular e avaliar a influência das variáveis do escoamento sobre o perfil axial da velocidade média das partículas e também possibilita a determinação de outras variáveis tais como a fração volumétrica de sólidos. Adicionalmente é projetado um sistema de instrumentação para medir a velocidade média das partículas através da medição do tempo médio de trânsito das partículas. Resultado da pesquisa demonstra o complexo comportamento e as dificuldades encontradas no desenvolvimento da instrumentação para esta classe de escoamento. / The study of gas-solid two-phase flow is included in a more general subject named as multiphase flow. This kind of multiphase flow is encountered in the pneumatic conveying, combustion of pulverized coal, fluidized bed reactor and cyclones. The gas-solid two-phase flow is extremely complicated because of the large number of variables involved, the interaction between the phases, and complex dynamical developments occurring in the process. One of the least understood areas of multiphase flows is the momentum transfer or the phase coupling. The purpose of this dissertation is to research aspects of momentum exchange on a vertical downward gassolid flow on the basis of one-dimensional equations developed for gas-solid twophase flow. The dynamic effects between the two phases are considered by one way coupling taking into account terms such as the drag force on the particles, gravity and the particle-wall frictions. For the solution of theoretical model the Runge-Kutta- Merson method was employed. The theoretical model allows to calculate and to evaluate the influence of the flow variables on the axial profile for the average velocity of particles and also enables the determination of other variables such as the solid hold-up. Also it is designed an experimental system to measure the average velocity of particles by measuring the average time of transit of them. The results show the complex behavior and the difficulties in developing instrumentation for this class of flow.

Electrostatic charge generation is unavoidable in gas-solid fluidized beds due to the repeated particle-particle and particle reactor wall contacts and separations. In industrial operations such as in polyethylene production this phenomenon results in the significant problem of reactor wall fouling, known as “sheeting”. To better understand the underlying charging mechanisms involved in gas-solid fluidized beds in an attempt to eliminate and/or reduce the effect a novel on-line electrostatic charge measurement technique was developed, which concurrently provided information on both the degree of fluidized bed electrification and reactor wall fouling. A Faraday cup replaced the windbox of the fluidized bed while another cup was placed at the top of the column. The distributor plate was uniquely designed for the systematic removal of bed particles and those adhered to the column wall for their charge measurement with the bottom Faraday cup, and the charge of the entrained particles was measured by the top Faraday cup. This is the first study which allowed the charge measurement of particles in the bulk of the bed, particles adhered to the column wall, and those entrained, simultaneously. In addition, this method uniquely permitted the evaluations of the degree of reactor wall fouling under different operating conditions. An experimental program was designed to investigate the influence of bed hydrodynamics (fluidizing gas velocity and particle size), fluidization column wall material, and the addition of different solid additives. Fluidizing particles were polyethylene resin from an industrial reactor. Bi-polar charging was observed where the elutriated particles were oppositely charged compared to those in the bulk of the bed and those adhered to the column wall. Particles within the wall coating were also found to be bi-polarly charged. With the resin tested as received, a certain sized particles (350-575 µm) adhered to the column wall. The specific charge of the particles near the column wall was found not to be a definite indication of the amount of wall fouling. Increasing the gas velocity promoted wall fouling and elevated the charge density of the particles within both bubbling and slugging flow regimes. The effect of solid additive injection was examined with two static drivers known to reduce wall fouling in industrial operations, a deactivated catalyst, and the catalyst support. It was found that the catalyst promoted, while one of the static drivers reduced wall fouling.

No description available.

This study investigates the pre-accretionary formation conditions of individual minerals within chondrules and whole-rock parent asteroid processes from the Renazzo-like carbonaceous (CR) chondrites. It presents a comprehensive work on the whole-rock O-isotope composition, sulfide-bearing opaque minerals, and type-II chondrules within the CR chondrites. Whole-rock O-isotope composition and minerals present in type-II chondrules are found to be related to the degree of parent asteroid aqueous alteration. Primary minerals within chondrules, formed prior to accretion of the CR chondrite parent asteroid, are used to constrain both the environment and the conditions present during chondrule formation.Chondrule formation, as recorded by chondrules in the CR chondrites, took place under dust- and ice-rich conditions relative to solar values. Type-II (FeO-rich) chondrules contain FeO-poor fragments compositionally similar to type-I (FeO-poor) chondrules; the formation of type-II chondrules may have occurred after the formation of type-I chondrules. The dust and ice abundances present during type-II chondrule formation were higher than those of type-I chondrules, although both populations probably exchanged with the same ¹⁶O-poor gas reservoir. Both the oxygen fugacity (fo₂) and sulfur fugacity (fs₂) appear to have increased from type-I to type-II chondrule formation, and between individual type-II chondrules. The increase in fo₂ and fs₂ may be due to the dissipation of H2 in the early Solar System. Gas-solid oxidation/sulfidation of Fe,Ni metal is recorded in both type-I and type-II chondrules. This corrosion occurred either during chondrule cooling after formation, or during chondrule reheating events, and suggests that S was present in the gas phase. After chondrule formation the CR chondrite parent asteroid accreted ¹⁶O-poor ice and experienced variable degrees of aqueous alteration, possibly due to heterogeneity in accreted ice or ammonia abundances and/or differing depth within the asteroid. Individual regions of the asteroid experienced different degrees of brecciation, perhaps a result of impacts, which fragmented chondrules and mixed together material that experienced different degrees of aqueous alteration. This process resulted in the heterogeneous nature of the CR chondrites.These observations constrain the formation conditions of a minor body, the CR chondrite parent asteroid, a remnant from the earliest stages of planet formation.

Modelagem de dois fluidos é largamente aplicada para simular escoamentos gássólido em risers de leitos fluidizados circulantes. As atuais simulações são de grandes clusters (SGC), executadas em domínios reais com malhas numéricas grosseiras, ou simulações sub-malha, executadas em malhas numéricas refinadas em domínios reduzidos. O propósito das simulações sub-malha é principalmente produzir dados de meso-escala a serem aplicados em simulações de grandes clusters. A atual literatura apresenta apenas umas poucas simulações sub -malha de escoamentos gás-sólido em risers aplicando modelagem de dois fluidos, todas para condições típicas de reatores de leito fluidizado circulante de craqueamento catalítico. Neste trabalho realizou-se uma simulação sub-malha para esta condição, e também para uma outra condição típica de reatores de leito circulante para combustão/gaseificação. Correlações teóricas derivadas da teoria cinética dos escoamentos granulares (TCEG) foram aplicadas para determinar a pressão e as viscosidades da fase sólida. Considerou-se um domínio de pequenas dimensões sob condições de contorno periódicas, aplicando-se malhas numéricas refinadas. Os resultados das simulações foram comparados entre si, com outros resultados de simulação de literatura, e com dados experimentais. Então, a correção das simulações foi abordada em vista dos dados empíricos disponíveis. / Two-fluid modeling is widely applied to simulate gas-solid flows in risers of circulating fluidized beds. Current simulations are either large cluster simulations (LCS), performed in real domains under coarse numerical meshes, or sub-grid simulations, performed in reduced domains under refined numerical meshes. The purpose of subgrid simulation is mostly to provide meso-scale data to be applied in large cluster simulations. The up to date literature presents only a few sub -grid simulations of gassolid flows in risers applying two-fluid modeling, all of them for conditions typical of catalytic cracking circulating fluidized bed reactors. In the present work a sub-grid simulation was performed for this condition, as well as for a condition typical of circulating fluidized bed coal combustion/gasification reactors. Theoretical correlations derived from the kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF) were applied to determine pressure and viscosities of the solid phase. A small size domain was considered under periodic boundary conditions, and a refined numerical mesh was applied. The results of the simulations were compared to each other, to other literature results of simulation, and to experimental data. Then, the accuracy of the simulations was addressed in view of the available empirical data.

Electrostatic charge generation in gas-solid fluidized beds is a significant industrial problem. Associated problems include particle agglomeration and particle wall fouling. In the polymerization industry this may result in "sheets" of fused polymer, due to exothermic reaction causing the melting of the polymer, which can fall off and block the distributor plate disrupting fluidizing gas flow. Additionally, blockage of the catalyst feed or the polymer removal system can take place or the product can become non-uniform. All of these problems require shut-down of the reactor which results in lost production time. While this phenomena has been identified for many years, the mechanisms involved are not well understood, especially wall fouling and the distribution of charge within the bed. Isolation of individual parameters such as hydrodynamics, operating conditions, and material involved is necessary to evaluate how each parameter impacts charge generation during fluidization. In this thesis, the fluidization system consisted of a stainless steel column, two online Faraday cups, and a retractable distributor plate. This system allowed for the simultaneous measurement of charge within different regions of the bed: the entrained fine particles, the particles adhered to the column wall, and the bulk of the bed. Additionally, mass and particle size distributions were measured and images of the layer of particles adhered to the column wall were taken for comparison. This allowed for a charge distribution comparison and evaluation of wall fouling. Three different parameters were investigated: duration of fluidization, column wall material, and relative humidity of fluidizing gas. Fluidization time was studied for 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 360 min; relative humidity was investigated for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% relative humidity. Both fluidization time and relative humidity were evaluated at four different fluidization gas velocities, two each in the bubbling and slugging flow regimes. Column wall material was evaluated for a stainless steel and carbon steel column at two gas velocities, one each in the bubbling and slugging flow regimes. Fluidization time was found to influence wall fouling in the bubbling flow regime as the particle layer continued to build as fluidization progressed. In the slugging flow regime, the particle layer developed within 15 minutes of the onset of fluidization. The bubbling flow regime was shown to have a greater capacity for charge generation than the slugging flow regime. This was due to the vigorous mixing in the bubbling flow regime resulting in more particle-particle interactions. Column wall material was shown to influence wall fouling in the slugging flow regime due to the differences in surface roughness of the columns. This was due to the particle-wall contacts resulting in frictional charging which is the predominant charging mechanism in this flow regime. Charge was also impacted in the bubbling flow regime in those particles that were adhered to the column wall. Relative humidity was found to influence wall fouling at the lowest gas velocity tested. However, variations in generation of charge occurred at all fluidization gas velocities tested; the charge-to-mass ratios for the particles adhered to the column wall in the slugging flow regime decreased with high relative humidities. This was due to either the formation of a water film layer on the column wall or instantaneous surface water films on the particles throughout fluidization.

The prediction of two-phase fluid-solid (gas-solid and liquid-solid) flow remains a major challenge in many engineering and industrial applications. Numerical modeling of these flows is complicated and various studies have been conducted to improve the model performance. In the present work, the two-fluid model of Bolio et al. (1995), developed for dilute turbulent gas-solid flows, is employed to investigate turbulent two-phase liquid-solid flows in both a vertical pipe and a horizontal channel. <p>Fully developed turbulent gas-solid and liquid-solid flows in a vertical pipe and liquid-solid (slurry) flow in a horizontal channel are numerically simulated. The momentum equations for the fluid and solid phases were solved using the finite volume technique developed by Patankar (1980). Mean and fluctuating velocities for both phases, solids concentration, and pressure drop were predicted and compared with the available experimental data. In general, the mean velocity predictions for both phases were in good agreement with the experimental data for vertical flow cases, considered in this work. <p>For dilute gas-solid vertical flows, the predictions were compared with the experimental data of Tsuji et al. (1984). The gas-phase fluctuating velocity in the axial direction was significantly under-predicted while the results for the solids fluctuating velocity were mixed. There was no data to compare the solids concentration but the profiles looked realistic. The pressure drop was observed to increase with increasing Reynolds number and mass loading when compared with the data of Henthorn et al. (2005). The pressure drop first decreased as particle size increased and then started increasing. This behaviour was shown by both experimental data and model predictions. <p>For the liquid-solid flow simulations the mean velocity profiles for both phases, and the liquid-phase turbulence kinetic energy predictions (for dilute flow case), were in excellent agreement with the experimental data of Alejbegovic et al. (1995) and Sumner et al. (1990). The solids concentration profiles were poorly predicted, especially for the lighter particles. The granular temperature profiles, accounting for the solids velocity fluctuations, for the dilute flow case failed to agree with the data, although they captured the overall trend. The liquid-solid pressure drop predictions, using the present model, were only successful for some particles. <p>The solids concentration predictions for the horizontal flow case were similar to the experimental measurements of Salomon (1965), except for a sharp peak at the bottom wall and the opposite curvature. The mixture velocity profiles were asymmetric, due to the addition of particles, and were similar to the experimental data, though only a partial agreement was observed between the predictions and the data.<p>A conclusion from this work is that the present model, which was developed for dilute gas-solid flows, is inadequate when liquid-solid flows are considered. Further improvements, such as including the interstitial fluid effects while computing the liquid-phase stress, are needed to improve the predictive capability of this two-fluid model.

Electrostatic charge generation in gas-solid fluidized beds is a significant industrial problem. Associated problems include particle agglomeration and particle wall fouling. In the polymerization industry this may result in "sheets" of fused polymer, due to exothermic reaction causing the melting of the polymer, which can fall off and block the distributor plate disrupting fluidizing gas flow. Additionally, blockage of the catalyst feed or the polymer removal system can take place or the product can become non-uniform. All of these problems require shut-down of the reactor which results in lost production time. While this phenomena has been identified for many years, the mechanisms involved are not well understood, especially wall fouling and the distribution of charge within the bed. Isolation of individual parameters such as hydrodynamics, operating conditions, and material involved is necessary to evaluate how each parameter impacts charge generation during fluidization. In this thesis, the fluidization system consisted of a stainless steel column, two online Faraday cups, and a retractable distributor plate. This system allowed for the simultaneous measurement of charge within different regions of the bed: the entrained fine particles, the particles adhered to the column wall, and the bulk of the bed. Additionally, mass and particle size distributions were measured and images of the layer of particles adhered to the column wall were taken for comparison. This allowed for a charge distribution comparison and evaluation of wall fouling. Three different parameters were investigated: duration of fluidization, column wall material, and relative humidity of fluidizing gas. Fluidization time was studied for 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 360 min; relative humidity was investigated for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% relative humidity. Both fluidization time and relative humidity were evaluated at four different fluidization gas velocities, two each in the bubbling and slugging flow regimes. Column wall material was evaluated for a stainless steel and carbon steel column at two gas velocities, one each in the bubbling and slugging flow regimes. Fluidization time was found to influence wall fouling in the bubbling flow regime as the particle layer continued to build as fluidization progressed. In the slugging flow regime, the particle layer developed within 15 minutes of the onset of fluidization. The bubbling flow regime was shown to have a greater capacity for charge generation than the slugging flow regime. This was due to the vigorous mixing in the bubbling flow regime resulting in more particle-particle interactions. Column wall material was shown to influence wall fouling in the slugging flow regime due to the differences in surface roughness of the columns. This was due to the particle-wall contacts resulting in frictional charging which is the predominant charging mechanism in this flow regime. Charge was also impacted in the bubbling flow regime in those particles that were adhered to the column wall. Relative humidity was found to influence wall fouling at the lowest gas velocity tested. However, variations in generation of charge occurred at all fluidization gas velocities tested; the charge-to-mass ratios for the particles adhered to the column wall in the slugging flow regime decreased with high relative humidities. This was due to either the formation of a water film layer on the column wall or instantaneous surface water films on the particles throughout fluidization.

Turbulent gas-solid flows are readily encountered in many industrial and environmental processes. The development of a generic modeling technique for gas-solid turbulent flows remains a significant challenge in the field of mechanical engineering. Eulerian models are typically used to model large systems of particles. In this dissertation, a numerical analysis was carried out to assess a current state-of-the-art Eulerian two-fluid model for fully-developed turbulent gas-solid upward flow in a vertical pipe. The two-fluid formulation of Bolio et al. (1995) was adopted for the current study and the drag force was considered as the dominant interfacial force between the solids and fluid phase. In the first part of the thesis, a two-equation low Reynolds number k-ε model was used to predict the fluctuating velocities of the gas-phase which uses an eddy viscosity model. The stresses developed in the solids-phase were modeled using kinetic theory and the concept of granular temperature was used for the prediction of the solids velocity fluctuation. The fluctuating drag, i.e., turbulence modulation term in the transport equation of the turbulence kinetic energy and granular temperature was used to capture the effect of the presence of the dispersed solid particles on the gas-phase turbulence. The current study documents the performance of two popular turbulence modulation models of Crowe (2000) and Rao et al. (2011). Both models were capable of predicting the mean velocities of both the phases which were generally in good agreement with the experimental data. However, the phenomena that small particles cause turbulence suppression and large particles cause turbulence enhancement was better captured by the model of Rao et al. (2011); conversely, the model of Crowe (2000) produced turbulence enhancement in all cases. Rao et al. (2011) used a modified wake model originally proposed by Lun (2000) which is activated when the particle Reynolds number reaches 150. This enables the overall model to produce turbulence suppression and augmentation that follows the experimental trend. The granular temperature predictions of both models show good agreement with the limited experimental data of Jones (2001). The model of Rao et al. (2011) was also able to capture the effect of gas-phase turbulence on the solids velocity fluctuation for three-way coupled systems. However, the prediction of the solids volume fraction which depends on the value of the granular temperature shows noticeable deviations with the experimental data of Sheen et al. (1993) in the near-wall region. Both turbulence modulation models predict a flat profile for the solids volume fraction whereas the measurements of Sheen et al. (1993) show a significant decrease near the wall and even a particle-free region for flows with large particles. The two-fluid model typically uses a low Reynolds number k-ε model to capture the near-wall behavior of a turbulent gas-solid flow. An alternative near-wall turbulence model, i.e., the two-layer model of Durbin et al. (2001) was also implemented and its performance was assessed. The two-layer model is especially attractive because of its ability to include the effect of surface roughness. The current study compares the predictions of the two-layer model for both clear gas and gas-solid flows to the results of a conventional low Reynolds number model. The effects of surface roughness on the turbulence kinetic energy and granular temperature were also documented for gas-particle flows in both smooth and rough pipes.