published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Biochemistry / Master / Master of Philosophy

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-67).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Baylor University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-115).

A inserção de DNA exógeno no genoma hospedeiro é conseguida principalmente através da utilização de vias de reparo como a junção de pontas não homólogas, que possui caráter aleatório, e a recombinação homóloga, que possibilita o gene targeting. Algumas ferramentas como as TAL Effector Nucleases (TALENs) e o RNA interferência (RNAi) podem ser utilizadas para aumentar a taxa de integração específica e assim melhorar a eficiência e o direcionamento da edição gênica. Nesse trabalho utilizamos o silenciamento gênico mediano por short interference RNA (siRNA) para inibição temporária dos genes ATF7IP uma metiltrasferase, EP300 uma acetiltransferase e KU70 (NHEJ) e um par de TALENs complementares a uma região do gene da distrofina canina. Células Caninas MDCK I foram transfectadas por lipofectamina 2000 (Invitrogen) com 320pmol de siRNAs para ATF7IP e Ep300; e 64 pmol do SiRNA para KU70 em diferentes grupos, 40 horas depois as células foram transfectadas com 15 μg vetor molde derivado do pEGFP-N1 (Clonatech) e com 10 μg dos RNAm das TALENs. A seleção se deu em meio DMEM high com 600μg/ mL de G418 (Lonza) por 14-16 dias. As colônias coletadas através de biópsias foram analisadas por Polimerase Chain Reaction e sequenciamento gênico. Três pares de primers foram utilizados; um controle endógeno (GAPDH), um controle interno do inserto (Neo qPCR) e um para confirmação da recombinação homóloga (DMD3). Os grupos apresentaram grande variação na taxa de mortalidade celular e consequentemente no número de colônias: Com o grupo ATF7IP+Vetor (648c) apresentando maior número de colônias e o grupo EP300+Ku70+Vetor+TALENs o menor (1c). A maior taxa de recombinação ocorreu nos grupos no grupo ATF7IP +Ku70+Vetor+TALENs com 40% das células positivas para neomicina apresentado o evento gene targeting, um aumento considerável na taxa de recombinação quando comparada a porcentagem de 3,1% do controle transfectado somente com o vetor molde. Mostrando que o uso conjunto das TALENs com siRNAs foi um sucesso para o aumento de eventos de edição gênica direcionada. / The insertion of exogenous DNA into a host genome is achieved primarily through the use of DNA repair pathways such as Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and the Homologous Recombination (HR). The integration by NHEJ has a random feature and is much more common than HR insertions, which are more likely to produce gene targeting events . TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) and RNA interference (RNAi) can be used to increase the rate of specific integration and thus improving the efficiency of gene editing. In this work, we used short interference RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing for transient inhibition of genes ATF7IP (implicated in histone methylation), EP300 (acetyltransferase) and Ku70 (essential to NHEJ) and a pair of TALENs RNAm complementary to canine muscle dystrophin (DMD) gene. MDCK I Canine Cells were transfected by lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) with 320 pmol of siRNAs for ATF7IP and EP300; and 64 pmol of siRNA for Ku70 in different groups. After 40 hours cells were transfected with 15 μg of a vector derived from pEGFP- N1 (Clontech) containing two regions homologous to the canine DMD gene (left arm length: 873 bp and right arm length: 1370 bp) and 10 μg of TALEN mRNA. The cell selection was achieved with DMEM high glucose with 600μg/ml G418 for 14-16 days. The colonies collected through biopsies were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing. Three pairs of primers were used; an endogenous control (GAPDH) , an internal control of the insert (Neo qPCR) and a primer set to confirm the occurrence of homologous recombination events (DMD3). .Groups showed great variation in cell death rate and consequently in the number of colonies: ATF7IP+Vector had highest number of colonies (648c) and the group EP300+Ku70+Vetor+TALENs the lowest one (1c) The highest rate of homologous recombination was in ATF7IP +Ku70+Vetor+TALENs group that had 40% of the neomycin positives cells confirmed as gene targeting events, a considerable increase in the recombination rate compared to the 3.1% in the control group transfected only with the template vector. That shows that the combined use of siRNAs and TALENs was a success for increasing directed gene editing events.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

A inserção de DNA exógeno no genoma hospedeiro é conseguida principalmente através da utilização de vias de reparo como a junção de pontas não homólogas, que possui caráter aleatório, e a recombinação homóloga, que possibilita o gene targeting. Algumas ferramentas como as TAL Effector Nucleases (TALENs) e o RNA interferência (RNAi) podem ser utilizadas para aumentar a taxa de integração específica e assim melhorar a eficiência e o direcionamento da edição gênica. Nesse trabalho utilizamos o silenciamento gênico mediano por short interference RNA (siRNA) para inibição temporária dos genes ATF7IP uma metiltrasferase, EP300 uma acetiltransferase e KU70 (NHEJ) e um par de TALENs complementares a uma região do gene da distrofina canina. Células Caninas MDCK I foram transfectadas por lipofectamina 2000 (Invitrogen) com 320pmol de siRNAs para ATF7IP e Ep300; e 64 pmol do SiRNA para KU70 em diferentes grupos, 40 horas depois as células foram transfectadas com 15 μg vetor molde derivado do pEGFP-N1 (Clonatech) e com 10 μg dos RNAm das TALENs. A seleção se deu em meio DMEM high com 600μg/ mL de G418 (Lonza) por 14-16 dias. As colônias coletadas através de biópsias foram analisadas por Polimerase Chain Reaction e sequenciamento gênico. Três pares de primers foram utilizados; um controle endógeno (GAPDH), um controle interno do inserto (Neo qPCR) e um para confirmação da recombinação homóloga (DMD3). Os grupos apresentaram grande variação na taxa de mortalidade celular e consequentemente no número de colônias: Com o grupo ATF7IP+Vetor (648c) apresentando maior número de colônias e o grupo EP300+Ku70+Vetor+TALENs o menor (1c). A maior taxa de recombinação ocorreu nos grupos no grupo ATF7IP +Ku70+Vetor+TALENs com 40% das células positivas para neomicina apresentado o evento gene targeting, um aumento considerável na taxa de recombinação quando comparada a porcentagem de 3,1% do controle transfectado somente com o vetor molde. Mostrando que o uso conjunto das TALENs com siRNAs foi um sucesso para o aumento de eventos de edição gênica direcionada. / The insertion of exogenous DNA into a host genome is achieved primarily through the use of DNA repair pathways such as Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and the Homologous Recombination (HR). The integration by NHEJ has a random feature and is much more common than HR insertions, which are more likely to produce gene targeting events . TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) and RNA interference (RNAi) can be used to increase the rate of specific integration and thus improving the efficiency of gene editing. In this work, we used short interference RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing for transient inhibition of genes ATF7IP (implicated in histone methylation), EP300 (acetyltransferase) and Ku70 (essential to NHEJ) and a pair of TALENs RNAm complementary to canine muscle dystrophin (DMD) gene. MDCK I Canine Cells were transfected by lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) with 320 pmol of siRNAs for ATF7IP and EP300; and 64 pmol of siRNA for Ku70 in different groups. After 40 hours cells were transfected with 15 μg of a vector derived from pEGFP- N1 (Clontech) containing two regions homologous to the canine DMD gene (left arm length: 873 bp and right arm length: 1370 bp) and 10 μg of TALEN mRNA. The cell selection was achieved with DMEM high glucose with 600μg/ml G418 for 14-16 days. The colonies collected through biopsies were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing. Three pairs of primers were used; an endogenous control (GAPDH) , an internal control of the insert (Neo qPCR) and a primer set to confirm the occurrence of homologous recombination events (DMD3). .Groups showed great variation in cell death rate and consequently in the number of colonies: ATF7IP+Vector had highest number of colonies (648c) and the group EP300+Ku70+Vetor+TALENs the lowest one (1c) The highest rate of homologous recombination was in ATF7IP +Ku70+Vetor+TALENs group that had 40% of the neomycin positives cells confirmed as gene targeting events, a considerable increase in the recombination rate compared to the 3.1% in the control group transfected only with the template vector. That shows that the combined use of siRNAs and TALENs was a success for increasing directed gene editing events.

Mobile group II introns consist of a self-splicing RNA molecule and an intron-encoded protein with reverse transcriptase activity that function together in an RNP and catalyze the insertion of the intron into specific DNA target sites by a process known as retrohoming. The mechanism of insertion requires the intron RNA to bind and reverse splice into one strand of the DNA target site, while the intron-associated protein cleaves the opposite DNA strand and reverse transcribes the intron RNA. DNA target site recognition and binding are dependent upon base pairing between the intron RNA and the target DNA molecule. By modifying the recognition sequences in the intron RNA, group II introns can be engineered to insert into virtually any desired target DNA. Based on this technology, a novel class of commercially available group II intron-based gene targeting vectors, called targetrons, has been developed. Targetrons have been used successfully for gene targeting in a broad range of bacteria. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that group II introns retain controllable retrohoming activity in mammalian cells, albeit with very low targeting efficiency. However, the gene targeting capability of group II introns is not limited to direct insertion of the intron. Group II introns can also create double-strand breaks that stimulate homologous recombination. By virtue of these attributes, mobile group II introns offer great promise for applications in genetic engineering, functional genomics and gene therapy. Here I present the results of experiments in which I tested group II introns for gene targeting activities in eukaryotic cells. First, I demonstrated that group II introns injected into zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos retain in vivo plasmid targeting activity that is enhanced by the addition of magnesium chloride and deoxynucleotides. I also verified that similar in vivo targeting activity is retained in Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Further, I describe repeated experiments in zebrafish embryos designed to target the zebrafish genome with inconclusive results. Group II introns were also delivered to cultured human cells for genome targeting. Here I present promising evidence for the ability of group II introns to stimulate homologous recombination between an exogenously introduced donor DNA molecule and the chromosome. The donor DNA was delivered either as a linearized double-stranded plasmid by electroporation or as a single stranded genome of a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV). In both cases, cells receiving both the group II intron RNP and the donor DNA showed more efficient integration of the donor DNA than introduction of the donor DNA alone. The studies presented here provide insight into the potential of using group II introns for future applications in gene targeting in eukaryotes. / text