Compounding, constructing new words out of previously known words by means of simple concatenation mostly, can be counted as one of the major word production mechanisms in the majority of languages. Their importance in the history of human languages warrants a detailed study with respect to the language faculty and related cognitive aspects. In the last decade, compound production as well as comprehension have become highly debated and investigated areas of research. Morphological priming is one frequently employed paradigm for the investigation of compounding. Whether morphologically complex words undergo a decomposition-composition process, respectively, during comprehension and production or whether they are all listed in full form in the lexicon is one key question hitherto addressed in several studies related to English, German, Dutch and Chinese nominal compound words. The present study is concerned with compound production in Turkish. Various types of Turkish compounds were investigated ((i) bare JCs (

The concept of classification is used and examined by the scientific community for hundreds of years. In this historical process, different methods and algorithms have been developed and used. Today, although the classification algorithms in literature use different methods, they are acting on a similar basis. This basis is setting the desired data into classes by using defined properties, with a different discourse / an effort to establish a relationship between known features with unknown result. This study was intended to bring a different perspective to this common basis. In this study, not only the basic features of data are used, the class of the data is also included as a parameter. The aim of this method is also using the information in the algorithm that come from a known value. In other words, the class, in which the data is included, is evaluated as an input and the data set is transferred to a higher dimensional space which is a new working environment. In this new environment it is not a classification problem anymore, but a clustering problem. Although this logic is similar with Kernel Methods, the methodologies are different from the way that how they transform the working space. In the projected new space, the clusters based on calculations performed with the Mahalanobis Distance are evaluated in original space with two different heuristics which are center-based and KNN-based algorithm. In both heuristics, increase in classification success rates achieved by this methodology. For center based algorithm, which is more sensitive to new input parameter, up to 8% of enhancement is observed.

The main objective of this study was the application of solar energy for drying of parboiled wheat, corn and pea. Drying experiments were performed under open sun and also in the solar-spouted bed drier in which air heated by solar energy was used. The effects of these drying methods on drying rate and quality parameters were investigated for drying of parboiled wheat, corn and pea. The quality parameters evaluated were color, shrinkage, bulk density, apparent density, bulk and internal porosity, microstructure, pore size distribution, sphericity and rehydration ratio. For peas, ascorbic acid content was also measured. In solar-spouted bed drying, drying rates and effective diffusivity values for all samples were determined to be higher and therefore drying time was significantly lower as compared to open sun drying. Effective diffusivities were in the range of 0.30x10-10 m2/s - 0.65x10-10 m2/s for open sun and 1.35x10-10 m2/s - 3.65x10-10 m2/s for solar-spouted bed drying of different samples. In general, better quality parameters for solar-spouted bed dried samples were observed such as less shrinkage, higher rehydration capacities, more homogenous pore size distribution and higher ascorbic acid retention.

Slope movements cause considerable damage to life and property in Turkey as well as in the world. Although they do not typically cause loss of life, slow landslide movements can severely damage structures, interrupt the serviceability of lifelines / and, related stabilization efforts can be too costly. Most of these slow-moving landslides are reactivated landslides in stiff clays and shales, and they are mainly triggered by rainfall induced high pore water pressures. In this study, a number of reactivated, slow-moving landslide case histories with extensive pore pressure and movement data are selected for further analysis. For these landslides, the relation between pore water pressures, factor of safety and rate of movements of the slide are investigated by using limit equilibrium and finite element methods. It is found that there is a nonlinear relationship between these three variables. Sensitivity of slow moving landslides to changes in pore water pressure is developed by defining the percent change in factor of safety and percent change in pore pressure coefficient, for 10-fold change in velocity. Such relations could especially be useful in planning required level of remediation, for example, to decide on how many meters the ground water level should be lowered at a certain piezometric location, so that the stability increases to a desired level of F.S., and movement rates are reduced to an acceptable slow rate.

The application of carbon-dioxide injection for enhanced oil recovery and/or sequestration purposes has gained impetus in the last decade. It is known that well test analysis plays a crucial role on getting information about reservoir properties, boundary conditions, etc. Although there are some studies related to the well test analysis in the fractured reservoirs, most of them are not focused on the carbon dioxide injection into the reservoir. Naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) represent an important percentage of the worldwide hydrocarbon reserves and current production. Reservoir simulation is a fundamental technique in characterizing this type of reservoirs. Fracture properties are often not clear due to difficulty to characterize the fracture systems. On the other hand, well test analysis is a well known and widely applied reservoir characterization technique. Well testing in NFR provides two significant characteristic parameters, storativity ratio (&omega / ) and interporosity flow coefficient (&lambda / ). The storativity ratio is related to fracture porosity. The interporosity flow coefficient can be linked to the shape factor which is a function of fracture spacing. In this study, the effects of fracture and fluid flow factors (geometry, orientation and flow properties) on pressure and pressure derivative behavior are studied by applying a reservoir simulation model. Model is utilized mainly for the observation of multiphase flow effects in CO2 flooded fractured reservoirs. Several runs are conducted for various ranges of the aforementioned properties in the CO2 flooded reservoir. Results of well test analysis are compared to the input data of simulation models on a parameter basis.

It is observed that the flowing bottom-hole temperature (FBHT) changes as a result of production, injection or shutting the well down. Variations in temperature mainly occur due to geothermal gradient, injected fluid temperature, frictional heating and the Joule-Thomson effect. The latter is the change of temperature because of expansion or compression of a fluid in a flow process involving no heat transfer or work. CMG STARS thermal simulation sector model developed in this study was used to analyze FBHT changes and understand the reasons. Twenty three main and five additional cases that were developed by using this model were simulated and relation of BHT with other parameters was investigated. Indeed the response of temperature to the change of some parameters such as bottom-hole pressure and gas-oil ratio was detected and correlation was tried to set between these elements. Observations showed that generally FBHT increases when GOR decreases and/or flowing bottom-hole pressure (FBHP) increases. This information allows estimating daily gas-oil ratios from continuously measured BHT. Results of simulation were compared with a real case and almost the same responses were seen. The increase in temperature after the start of water and gas injection or due to stopping of neighboring production wells indicated interwell communications. Additional cases were run to determine whether there are BHT changes when initial temperature was kept constant throughout the reservoir. Different iteration numbers and refined grids were used during these runs to analyze iteration errors / however no significant changes were observed due to iteration number differences and refined grids. These latter cases showed clearly that variations of temperature don&rsquo / t occur only due to geothermal gradient, but also pressure and saturation changes. On the whole, BHT can be used to get data ranging from daily gas-oil ratios to interwell connection if analyzed correctly.

This study aimed synthesizing hydroxylapatite (HA) and Zn2+, F- and Cl- doped HA by solution precipitation method. The synthesized compounds were sintered at 1100&deg / C for 1h. For structural characterization, density of the samples were measured by Archimedes&rsquo / method. It was observed that Zn2+ addition increased the density significantly whereas F- caused a decrease and Cl- increased the density with a little amount. XRD was applied to the samples and it was found that co-doping of Zn2+ and F- ions decreased the unit cell volume of HA with F- addition. Other compositions gave fluctuated results in terms of unit cell volumes. HA phase and a little amount of CaO phase were detected in some samples. FTIR spectroscopy was used to detect whether Zn2+, F- and Cl- ions were incorporated to the HA structure or not by observing the bands corresponding to the bonds in the molecules. The amount of addition was also detected by FTIR. Results showed that ion incorporation to the HA structure was done successfully. SEM images were v analyzed and grain sizes of samples were calculated by Rietvelt analysis. Grain sizes of the samples increased by Cl- addition and decreased by Zn2+ and/or F- addition. For mechanical characterization, Vickers microhardness test was applied. Fracture toughness was calculated from Vickers microhardness results. According to the results, the highest microhardness values were found for F- and Zn2+ co-doped samples. It was also shown that fracture toughness decreased by Zn2+ addition. However, Zn2+ and F- co-doped samples gave higher fracture toughness results when compared with pure HA. Cl- addition also decreased the fracture toughness. The best compositions in terms of structural and mechanical properties was chosen as Zn2+ and F- co-doped samples and biological characterization was applied to these samples. Saos-2 cell line was used in biological examinations. For biological characterizations, Alamar Blue&trade / assay to detect viability and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) assay to detect differentiation were done. It was observed that 2 mol.% Zn2+ addition increased the cell viability and alkaline phosphatase activity. 1 mol.% F- addition also improved cell viability and alkaline phosphatase activiy. SEM images were analyzed to observe the morphology of the cells on HA and selected doped HA discs. In accordance with Alamar Blue&trade / assay and alkaline phosphatase activity assay, cells showed dendritic shapes on 2 Zn and 2 Zn 1 F sample which was the indicator of good material-cell interaction. Dissolution test was also applied by immersing the samples in simulated body fluid (SBF). pH change and SEM images for Ca2+ deposition were investigated. Increase in pH change with time was observed. F- included samples gave the lowest pH change results, especially 2 Zn 1 F. Dissolution pits and some apatitic formations were observed in SEM images.

In this thesis, a new software, THERA-Kinetics was developed for the evaluation of kinetic parameters using non-isothermal data. Different computational methods, available in the software, were applied to a set of experimental and simulated data distributed in the ICTAC (International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry) Kinetics Project. The reliability of the software was verified by comparing the kinetic results, which were in good agreement, with those obtained by the participants of the ICTAC Kinetics Project. It was also within the scope of this study to examine the combustion characteristics and kinetics of three same origin coal samples. A series of thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were carried out in non-isothermal conditions at heating rates of 5, 10 and 15 K/min. Reaction regions, peak and burn-out temperatures, weight loss percentages and heat of reactions of the samples were determined for each heating rate from TG and DSC curves. A variety of computational methods, available in the software developed, were applied to experimental data for the evaluation of the kinetic parameters of the coal samples. It was observed that there was no general trend in the activation energy values from the point of heating rate.

Many Co-based Heusler alloys with the stoichometric composition X2YZ are ideal candidates for the spintronics applications. So, they have been extensively studied theoretically and experimentally. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect heat treatment on phase stability and magnetic properties for quaternary Co2FeSi1-xGax Heusler alloys with varying Si concentration. The Co2FeSi1-xGax alloy samples were prepared by conventional arc melting technique. The structure of Co2FeSi1-xGax bulk alloys were examined by powder x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. It was confirmed that Co2FeSi1-xGax alloys display the L21 type structure for all x compositions based on the annealing temperature. The magnetic ordering transition temperature, Tc, was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the order-disorder phase transition temperature from the L21 to the B2 structure, T , decreases while the Curie temperature, Tc, increases with increasing x / however, the value of these temperatures were not influenced by changing heat treatment process. The magnetic properties of Co2FeSi1-xGax alloy were investigated by using vibrating sample magnetometer. Higher saturation value was obtained at the L21 phase than the value obtained at the B2 phase. It was concluded that the Co2FeSi0.2Ga0.8 alloy was chosen optimum composition for spintronics applications because of its highest Curie temperature and phase stability of L21.

Biological hydrogen production through integration of dark and photo-fermentation by using biomass is a promising alternative for energy supply problems. The main purpose of this study was to investigate photobiological H2 production by the purple non-sulfur (PNS) bacteria Rb. capsulatus on dark fermentation effluent of sugar beet thick juice (DFESBTJ). Presence of NH4+ in effluents is an important parameter since NH4+ inhibit the nitrogenase enzyme activity. Therefore, the influence of different NH4+ concentrations in the DFESBTJ by removing using natural zeolite clinoptilolite on photofermentative H2 production were studied using Rb. capsulatus DSM1710 and Rb. capsulatus YO3 (hup-). Also, the effect of EtOH concentrations (between 6.25 and 200 mM) in the defined medium on H2 production were studied using both bacterial strains since EtOH is a possible by-product of dark fermentation process. The experiments were carried out in small scale bottle photobioreactors (PBRs) and outdoor panel PBR (4 L). H2 productivity of 1.12 mmol/Lc/h was attained over 15 days of operation for panel PBR. The results showed that the zeolite was effective in removing NH4+ from the DFESBTJ as its concentration decreased by 95% after treatment. In both bacterial strains, an increase in the maximum productivities and molar H2 yields was observed with the decrease in NH4+concentrations. There was no significant effect of EtOH on H2 production except the inhibition at 200 mM. The main conclusions were that both bacterial strains could effectively utilize the DFESBTJ for growth and H2 production, therefore facilitating the integration of the dark and photo-fermentation for sustainable biohydrogen production.