Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-01-27T12:02:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2243707 bytes, checksum: 00171b11e2c4e62b920d4e821b052696 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-27T12:02:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2243707 bytes, checksum: 00171b11e2c4e62b920d4e821b052696 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-04 / This M.Sc. dissertation includes four manuscripts, elaborated from the results obtained in a study case carried out at a public hospital in the Paraíba state (northeast Brazil), considering economic, legal and environmental aspects. Photovoltaic solar energy and biomass were included in the polygeneration superstructure for a large-sized consumer center, for distributed energy generation. An optimization model, based on Mixed Linear Integer Programming (MILP), was built and solved for the obtainment of optimal configuration and operation of the energy supply system under economic and environmental viewpoints. Environmental information was generated by the application of the Life Cycle Assessment methodology to the equipment of the superstructure as well as energy resources available. The regulation that encompasses distributed generation in Brazil is studied, in detail, on the basis of comparative law. It was verified, generally, that despite a rather advanced and consolidated regulation is in force, there is still a lack of fiscal and economic incentives to make distributed generation viable in Brazil. The economic optimization suggested the utilization of biomass in boilers for the production of hot water, and when compared to a conventional system, presented an annual cost 10.99% lower. The environmental optimal solution indicated trigeneration to minimize the envitonmental impacts produced by thesupply and conversion energy system. / São apresentados nesta dissertação quatro artigos elaborados a partir dos resultados obtidos no estudo de caso realizado em um hospital público do estado da Paraíba, considerando aspectos econômicos, jurídicos e ambientais. Energia solar fotovoltaica e a biomassa foram incluídas na superestrutura de poligeração de uma unidade consumidora de grande porte, para a geração distribuída de energia. Um modelo de otimização baseado em Programação Linear Inteira Mista (PLIM) foi construído e resolvido para obtenção da solução ótima (configuração e operação otimizadas), desde objetivos econômico e ambiental. Informação ambiental foi gerada pela aplicação da metodologia da Análise de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para os equipamentos e recursos energéticos da superestrutura. Também se apresenta um estudo, com base no direito comparado, da norma que regula a geração distribuída no Brasil. Verificou-se, de forma geral, que, apesar do Brasil possuir uma legislação bastante avançada e consolidada, ainda se carece de incentivos fiscais e econômicos para tornar a geração distribuída viável. A otimização econômica sugeriu a utilização da biomassa como recurso nas caldeiras para produção de água quente e vapor, e quando comparado a um sistema convencional, apresentou custo anual 10,99% inferior. A solução ambiental otimizada indicou a trigeração para minimizar os impactos ambientais produzidos pelo sistema de abastecimento e conversão de energia.

Les structures planes supportent la propagation de modes de Lamb, dont certains présentent une vitesse de groupe nulle et une vitesse de phase finie. Ces modes ZGV, favorablement engendrés et détectés par ultrasons laser, donnent lieu à des résonances locales étroites qui sont sensibles à l'épaisseur, aux propriétés élastiques et aux conditions de surface. Dans le premier volet de cette thèse, l'optimisation spatiale de la source laser (Faisceau rectangle ou Gaussien, anneau à profil rectangle ou Gaussien obtenu à l'aide d'un axicon) est étudiée afin d'améliorer la génération d'un mode de Lamb de longueur d'onde λ. Il est démontré que le rayon optimal d'un faisceau Gaussien est égal à λ/π. Les résultats théoriques sont en bon accord avec les simulations semi-analytiques et les mesures réalisées à la fréquence du mode ZGV S1S2 dans une plaque de Duralumin. Le second volet est dédié au contrôle de plaques collées par résonance ZGV. Ces structures sont décrites par un modèle rhéologique adhésif faisant intervenir des raideurs d'interface. La sensibilité des fréquences ZGV aux paramètres de la couche d'adhésif et aux raideurs d'interface est étudiée. La mesure des résonances ZGV a conduit à l'obtention des cartes de raideurs et d'épaisseur de colle. Elle a également permis de différencier des assemblages à tenue mécanique contrôlée / For some Lamb modes propagating in plane structures, the group velocity vanishes while the phase velocity remains finite. These modes are associated with local and narrow resonances and are sensitive to thickness, elastic properties and boundary conditions. Laser ultrasound techniques are well suited to generate and detect these resonances. In the first part of this thesis, spatial optimization of laser sources (Top-Hat and Gaussian beam, rectangular and Gaussian ring produced by an axicon-lens system) are studied in order to enhance the generation of a Lamb mode at wavelength λ. Optimal radius of a Gaussian beam is demonstrated to be λ/π. Theoretical results are shown to be in a good agreement with semi-analytical simulation and experimental results performed in a Duralumin plate at the S1S2-ZGV mode frequency. The second part of this work is dedicated to the use of ZGV resonances for the inspection of bonded plates. Trilayers are described by rheological model where interfaces are modelized by stiffnesses. The sensitivity of ZGV frequencies to the interfacial stiffnesses as well as adhesive layer parameters has been studied. Stiffnesses and adhesive thickness maps have been extracted from ZGV resonance measurements. In addition, ZGV mode measurements have been shown to allow the differenciation of controled bond strengh samples