The library was one of the most important institutions in the Hellenistic and Roman city, as evidenced in the writings of ancient authors, and the building remains of libraries found throughout the Greco-Roman world, from Asia Minor to France and from Africa to Northern Greece. Yet, the library remains one of the least easily identifiable building forms and one of the most difficult to reconstruct, because unlike architectural types such as the temple, stoa, or theater, the library exhibits significant variety in design, scale and monumentality and the use of different component elements. In reconstructing libraries, scholars often rely on a prescribed set of assumptions about components and their arrangement that limit our ability to identify libraries and understand their diversity of arrangement. This dissertation proposes shape grammars as an effective computational methodology to identify, understand, and reconstruct ancient libraries of diverse and variant scale, design and monumentality. The work presents a comprehensive documentation of known and identified libraries, reviews the design principles of the architectural form of ancient libraries, and on the basis of this historical analysis proposes a shape grammar for the formal specification of ancient Greek and Roman libraries. The library grammar encodes the design principles of ancient libraries in ninety-one rules that are grouped in two major parts: the first generates the main hall of the library and its interior design, and the second generates the complete layout of the library including additional porticoes, peristyles, exedras, gardens and propylon. The application of the rules generates libraries of diverse scales and monumentality: libraries known in the corpus and as well as hypothetical libraries. The dissertation presents grammatical derivations for the seventeen known and identified libraries. These derivations, depending on the degree of preservation of the building remains of libraries, function as an evaluative tool for the validity of the grammar or for the reconstructions proposed by traditional research. In many cases, they point to different possibilities in the identification of the building remains related to libraries among remains of different phases or remains belonging to neighboring buildings, and suggest variant scenarios of reconstruction that might not stand out using traditional techniques of reconstruction. The metadata of the rules in the grammar and the derivations are used in a frequency analysis that provides a probabilistic model as an effective and systematic guide in identifying, evaluating and predicting the architectural form of libraries: the main hall and the threshold are identified as mandatory architectural components, the niches and focal point as most likely, and the podium with a colonnade as less likely to occur in a library. Less frequently, the library is a whole complex with exedras, a monumental entry and additional rooms that function as auditoria, banquet halls or offices. Moreover, the work presents the derivations of possible libraries and evaluates the rules applied to generate them based on the frequency analysis. In the end, the work concludes whether these buildings are libraries, non-libraries or exceptional libraries. Lastly, this dissertation assesses the opportunities and challenges that emerge in using shape grammars to identify and reconstruct libraries and also the value and impact of using formal computational methods in the systematic exploration of variations in reconstruction of the archaeological record.

Aujourd'hui, dans un monde globalisé, la conception des produits est en train de basculer vers la conceptiondistribuée multi-sites. En effet, la complexité des produits avec des contraintes économiques et d'ingénierie ontaccéléré la transformation et l'organisation des activités de conception en service-orientés dans un réseau distribué.Alors, la conception pour la configuration des produits émerge comme un outil efficace pour résoudre les nouveauxdéfis de la conception des produits. Beaucoup de recherches sur la conception pour la configuration considèrent leproblème de la conception pour la configuration uniquement comme un problème d'arrangement des composants.En effet, le processus de conception implique de multiple-métiers, la distribution des métiers et des acteurs, etl'interaction dans un environnement dynamique et incertain. De plus, nous pensons que la structure interne duprocessus de conception est une image homomorphe des discontinuités du produit perçu. En considérant l'espacede la conception pour la configuration comme multi vues, multi dimensionnels et incertain, cette thèse porte surl'étude de la conception pour la configuration comme un problème holistique.Nous avons proposé à étudier : (1) appréhender et modéliser la conception pour la configuration comme unproblème de recherche de consensus entre différents métiers ; (2) appréhender et modéliser les relations intra etinter domaines considérant la conception pour la configuration comme un problème holistique ; (3) formaliser lesgrammaires génératives pour la modélisation de produit dans les deux principaux espaces : fonctionnel et structurelet (4) modéliser les liens entre ces deux espaces à l'aide du concept d'holon de conception. A partir de cesconsidérations, nous établissons les hypothèses les plus importantes de notre recherche : (a) Hypothèse de multivues; (b) Hypothèse de flou ; (c) Hypothèse de dérivation ; (d) Hypothèse holistique et (e) Hypothèse d'attracteur.Nous avons décrit un modèle de conception pour la configuration dans lequel les aspects d'optimisation desconfigurations et la recherche des noyaux des configurations sont intégrés. D'ailleurs, nous avons proposé desgrammaires fonctionnelles floues graphes et des grammaires fonctionnelles floues formelles pour représentergraphiquement et formellement les structures fonctionnelles de produit. Nous avons aussi proposé une approche demodélisation holonique des configurations. Les concepts d'Holon Conception Floue et de l'Attracteur Flou sontproposés pour comprendre la coévolution dans la conception pour la configuration. Nous avons étudié un casindustriel de la conception pour la configuration à l'aide des modules pour un groupe motopropulseur / Product design is switching to the multi-site distributed design. Indeed, the complexity of products with engineeringand economic constraints have accelerated the transformation and organization of design activities into serviceorientedin a distributed network. So, design for product configuration emerges as an effective tool to address thenew challenges of product design. Many researches on design for configuration consider the design problem only asa problem of arrangement of components. Indeed, the design process involves multi-trades, distribution of tradesand actors, and interaction in a dynamic and uncertain environment. Moreover, we believe that the internal structureof the design process is a homomorphic image of the product perceived discontinuities. Considering the space ofthe design for the configuration as multi-views, multi-dimensional and uncertain, this thesis focuses on the study ofdesign for the configuration as a holistic problem.We proposed to study: (1) understand and model design for configuration as a consensus-building problem betweendifferent trades; (2) understand and model the relationships within and between domains considering the design forconfiguration as a holistic problem; (3) formalize the generative grammars for product modeling in two main spaces:functional and structural and (4) model the links between these two spaces with the concept of design holon. Fromthese considerations, we establish the most important assumptions of our research: (a) Assumption of multi-view;(b) Assumption of fuzzy; (c) Assumption of derivation; (d) Holistic assumption and (e) Assumption of attractor.We have described a design model for configuration wherein the optimization aspects of configurations andsearching of configurations cores are integrated. Moreover, we proposed fuzzy graphs functional grammars andformal fuzzy functional grammars to represent formally and graphically the functional structures of product. We alsoproposed an approach of holonic modeling for configurations. The concepts of Fuzzy Design Holon and FuzzyAttractor are proposed to understand the co-evolution in design for configuration. We studied an industrial case ofdesign for configuration using modules of a power train.