Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) is an important conifer tree species widely distributed in Europe. Genetically, the population of this large range is divided in two differentiated groups: a southern and a northern European group. In the northern European group, the fossils records tell us that after the last glaciation this species recolonized from one main refugium located around the Moscow region, in Russia.             In this study, the genetic diversity and structure of 101 populations of Norway spruce collected all over the northern European range were examined using an indel polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The polymorphism was used to investigate the migration routes of this species after the last glaciation.                        The distribution of the detected two haplotypes (A and B) was geographically well structured as haplotype A was restricted to Scandinavia, while haplotype B was found all over the examined range. The value of averaged intrapopulation gene diversity (HS=0.09) was lower than total populations gene diversity (HT=0.28) and a relatively high value of genetic differentiation among populations was detected (GST=0.68). The genetic structure detected in this study suggested that a second refugium for spruce might have been present in Scandinavia. This study would shed light on our understanding of the postglacial migration history of Norway spruce.