The blood of man is rich in plasminogen, the inactive precursor of plasmin, a protease (Astrup, 1956a); the most characteristic action of plasmin is the digestion of fibrin, i.e. fibrinolysis. Many tissues, including the prostate (Rasmussen and Albrechtsen, 1960a), contain substances which can activate plasminogen, and thus initiate fibrinolysis, and it has been assumed that both the excessive fibrinolysis seen in the blood of some patients with prostatic disease (Tagnon, Whitmore, Schulman and Kravitz, 1953a), and in prostatic surgery (Lombardo, 1957), is due to the release of this activator into the blood stream (Fearnley, 1965). Human semen contains a substance which can activate the blood fibrinolytic system (von Kaulla and Shettles, 1953). Indeed, when human seminal fluid is ejaculated, it undergoes a process resembling the clotting and fibrinolysis of the blood, by coagulating then liquefying spontaneously. The coagulum is formed when a fibrinogenlike protein secreted by the seminal vesicles is acted upon by a clotting enzyme from the prostate (Mann, 1964). Coagulation is followed within about 20 minutes by liquefactionliquefaction of the clots by an enzyme assumed to come from the prostate (Huggins and Neal, 1942). This enzyme resembles plasmin in that it is a protease acting on a fibrin-like substrate, and that it is derived from an inactive precursor.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:31:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gondo_f_me_botfm.pdf: 362911 bytes, checksum: 815fb382118723572205998eed765b18 (MD5) / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) / A proposta do presente estudo foi estabelecer a prevalência de infecções do trato genital inferior em gestantes de baixo risco da Estratégia de Saúde da Família da Atenção Primária em Saúde em Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo-Brasil, e avaliar a relação de sinais e sintomas em infecções no trato genital inferior. Um total de 245 gestantes foi selecionado neste estudo, e durante o exame, o aspecto do corrimento e pH vaginal foram observados. Swabs foram utilizados para coletar secreções vaginais das paredes laterais da vagina para um esfregaço vaginal. O diagnóstico clínico foi baseado na combinação de sintomas e sinais, aferição de pH vaginal, realização do teste de aminas e exames laboratoriais. A taxa geral de infecção de diagnósticos clínicos foi de 45,7%. Vaginose bacteriana foi diagnosticada em 53 mulheres grávidas (21,6%), candidíase vaginal em 25 (10,2%), flora intermediária em 13 (5,2%), vaginite aeróbia em sete (2,9%), infecção mista em sete (2,9%) e outros achados em 2,9%. Entre as mulheres com sintomas e/ou sinais de infecções no trato genital inferior, 22,3% das mulheres foram diagnosticadas com vaginose bacteriana; 14,6% como candidíase vaginal; 5,7% como flora intermediária; 1,9% como vaginite aeróbia, 3,8% como infecção mista e 3,2% com outros achados, mas em 48,4% não foram identificadas infecções. A prevalência de infecções do trato genital inferior em mulheres grávidas de baixo risco na Estratégia de Saúde da Família da Atenção Primária em Saúde é alta e nossos resultados sugerem que somente sintomas não deveriam ser utilizados para tratamento direto. A melhor prática para as infecções do trato genital inferior em gestantes deveria combinar os sinais ou sintomas e exames laboratoriais. / The purpose of the present study was to establish the prevalence of lower genital tract infection in low risk pregnant women of the Family Health Strategy of the Primary Care Services in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, and to evaluate the correlation of signs and symptoms to lower genital tract infections. Patients and Methods: A total of 245 pregnant women were enrolled in this study and during the exam, the appearance and pH of the vaginal discharge were noted. Swabs were used to obtain vaginal secretion from the upper lateral vaginal vault for a vaginal smear. The clinical diagnosis were based by combining the symptoms and signs with office-based testing and laboratory exams. Results: The overall infection rate by clinical diagnosis was 45.7%. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosis in 53 pregnant women (21.6%), vaginal candidiasis in 25 (10.2%), intermediate vaginal flora in 13 (5.2%), aerobic vaginitis in 7 (2.9%), mixed infection in 7 (2.9%) and another findings in 2.9%. Among women with symptoms and/or signals of the lower genital tract infection, 22.3% of the women were diagnosed as having bacterial vaginosis; 14.6% as vaginal candidiasis; 5.7% as having intermediate vaginal flora; 1.9% as aerobic vaginitis, 3.8% as having mixed infection, 3.2% another infection but in 48.4% no infection was identified. The prevalence of lower genital tract infection in low-income pregnant women attended in the Family Health Strategy of the Primary Care Services is high and our results suggest that symptoms alone should not be used to direct treatment. The best practice guideline to lower genital tract infections in pregnant women should take the combining symptoms or signs and laboratory exams.

Based on thirteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in a large research hospital in the U.S., this dissertation analyzes the experiences of eighty American women seeking relief for chronic genital pain. Through extended interviews with diagnosed women, and participant-observation in a vulvar speciality clinic, I investigate the barriers--linguistic, cultural and corporeal--faced by patients who must engender greater familiarity and comfort with their sexual and genital bodies in order to successfully recover from their symptoms. Written as a cultural analysis of the vulva, the dissertation examines the ambivalent relationships between female external genitalia, U.S. dominant culture, and an autonomous female sexuality. Attentive to the transgression, confusion and disorder evoked by the symptoms of vulvar pain, the dissertation redefines the clinical diagnostic phrase "other causes of genital discomfort" in sociolcultural terms. The concepts of "genital dis-ease" and "unwanted genital experience" are introduced and analyzed as corporeo-cultural phenomena that contribute to a profound sense of alienation between many diagnosed women and their genital bodies. In addition to an extended introduction and a description of both the clinical fieldsite and conditions under investigation, the dissertation uses four progressive chapters--Accumulation, Manifestation, Integration and Generation--to theorize the lived experience of vulvar pain. Through a critical dialogue with current clinical literature, through which vulvar pain is understood in increasingly physiological terms, the dissertation argues that an acknowledgment of collective and cultural genital "discomfort" must be included in the emerging diagnostic and treatment regimens for women with chronic and unexplained genital pain. / text

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Se realizo un estudio anatómico, histológico y evolutivo de los testículos de 80 codornices de la variedad japónica, con el fin de determinar los cambios que se producen desde el nacimiento hasta la pubertad, las aves fueron obtenidas de la unidad de producción de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, los animales se tomaron al azar de una población recientemente instalada y regulada bajo las mismas condiciones de manejo y alimentación. Se hizo un muestreo de 10 aves por semana registrándose peso corporal, largo y ancho de ambos testículos y aspectos externos de los mismos; también se realizaron cortes histológicos de los testículos. Se encontró un intervalo de pesos desde 35 gr, en la primera semana hasta 180gr. En la octava semana. La relación entre la aparición de Células de Leydig y caracteres sexuales secundarios en la séptima semana, pero no se observaron espermatozoides aun en a octava semana. / Was made in anatomic, histology and evolutive study of 80 quail japanese testis, in order to determine changes from born to puberty, the quails were obtained from the farm of the Veterinary Faculty of San Marcos University, the animals were chosen at random of a recently installed population with the same conditions of feed and managment. They were took samples of 10 animals per week, registering corporal weight, longitud of the testis and external aspects of the same one; they were also carried out courts testis histology. The weight corporal variates from 35 grams in the first week to 180grams at week 8. The testis long variates from 0.1mm at the first week to 8 mm at 8 week, it noticed a relation beetwen leydig cels apear and secondary sexual characters at week 7, but there were not spermatozoa observed either at 8 week.

Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome (VVS) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the vestibular epithelium of the vulva, which has been estimated to affect 15% of the female population (Goetsch, 1991). Many studies have attempted unsuccessfully, to elucidate the cause of this condition, and few advancesh ave beenm adet owards the understandingo f the associatedin flammatory responseT. he initial, and principal aim of this investigation was to characterise normal vestibular epithelium using electron microscopy. The ultrastructural characteristics of normal vestibular epithelium were compared with closely related epithelia, and with vestibular epithelia from VVS patients. Other aims included an investigation of the epidemiological characteristics of VVS; an assessmenot f vulvar sensitivity over several months, and an evaluation of ketoconazole as a non-invasive treatment for VVS. Transmission electron microscopy, confirmed that vestibular epithelium was non-keratinised, and closely resembled oral and vaginal mucosae. Intermediate cells were predominant, characterised by pale staining cytokeratin filaments and glycogen deposits. Leukocytes were present in small numbers. Using SEM, superficial cells were characterised by an interlacing network of rounded microridges. By comparison, vestibular epithelium from VVS patients demonstrated the presence of numerous, intensely staining, apoptotic-like cells. These cells were associated with membrane bound cytoplasmic lobules and leukocytes of varying types. A similar ultrastructural appearance was observed in post-treatment biopsies. However, apoptotic-like cells appeared heavily vacuolated, and the number of cytoplasmic bodies present was increased. Mature plasma cells, NK-like cells and macrophages were common in the dermis. Leukocyte counts, demonstrated a significantly greater number of leukocytes in the VVS biopsies compared with the controls, however, there was no statistical difference in the number of leukocytes in pre and post-treatment samples. The presence of apoptotic-like cells accompanied by a significant inflammatory cell infiltrate, may suggest a cell signalling defect, resulting in the pain associatedw ith VVS. Treatment with ketoconazolec ream was found to have very little effect on either the number of leukocytes or the frequency of apoptotic-like cells as quantified using image analysis. The epidemiological characteristics of VVS patients were investigated using a structured questionnaire interview. All of the VVS patients interviewed fulfilled the diagnostic criteria established by Friedrich (1987), and epidemiological findings were generally consistent with previous epidemiological reports. Unique to this study, HPV infections were rare, however recurrent Candida infections and cystitis were commonly reported. The 'Vulvar Algesiometer', was designed and developed in Plymouth, to assist diagnosis and assessmenot f VVS patients. Using this equipment, VVS patients demonstrate heightened vestibular sensitivity when compared with control patients. The utilisation of a pain measuring device the 'Vulvar Algesiometer', in accordance with the questionnaire and ultrastructural investigation has formed a novel and balanced approach to the study of VVS. This study has demonstrated several distinct features of VVS which have not previously been described, features which may be important in elucidating the cause of this condition. These features centre around the presence of apoptotic-like cells and associated cytoplasmic bodies which have not previously been described in association with VVS.

Context: This study seeks to examine the relationship between female genital cutting (FGC) and the sexual behavior of women in Kenya and Nigeria. Although research evidence has shown that female genital cutting is a serious problem in many countries and needs to be eradicated, prevalence in many countries remains high. One of the reasons given for the continuation of this harmful practice, despite widespread global campaigns against it, is that it is deemed an essential aspect of grooming the female child in preparation for marriage. It is supposed to control female sexuality thereby ensuring that a girl remains a virgin until marriage and it enhances her chances of marriage. Little research has been carried out to evaluate how far FGC tempers the sexual behavior of women. Methods: The study uses the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey of 2008/09 as well as the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey of 2008. The population being examined is sexually active women who knew about circumcision and were thus asked if they had been circumcised or not to which the response was either yes or no. The sample size for Kenya is 5 187 women while in Nigeria it is 12 253 women. The study hypothesis is that there is a difference in the sexual behaviour of women who are circumcised and those who are not circumcised. Multiple linear regression, logistic regression as well as Poisson regression were used examine the effect of selected predictor variables on sexual behaviour. The outcome variable is sexual behavior which was measured using age at first intercourse as well total lifetime number of sexual partners. Findings: The study results suggest that there is no association between female genital cutting and the sexual behaviour of women in Kenya and Nigeria. There was no difference in the age at which women first engage in sexual intercourse and in the number of sexual partners for women who were circumcised and those who were not. Thus there is no scientific evidence that the practice of FGC could control the sexual activities of women. Conclusions: Female genital cutting does not have any effect on the sexual behaviour of women in Kenya and Nigeria. There is no difference in the sexual behaviour of women who are circumcised and those who are not circumcised in both countries. This is an indication that FGC does not serve the purpose it is purported to serve and should therefore be eradicated.