This diploma thesis titled ?Application of the geodetical method and GNSS method for land location? deals with the topic of laying reference points of lands using the traditional geodetical method and the method integrating the GNSS technology. The comparison of the used methods focuses mainly on the productivity, efficiency and accuracy of the geodetical work. The initial preparatory works included reference points evaluation and recognition. After that a coordinate frame of reference points was established for the use of the geodetical method. The final layout of the reference points was performed by means of the geodetical method as well as the GNSS method employing the permanent measuring station Czepos. The average coordinates fault was taken into account when the accuracy of the coordinates position was analyzed. The laid reference points were used to maintain the actual land cadastration.

Die Antarktis ist eine Schlüsselregion für die Entwicklung des Klimageschehens auf der Erde. Globale Satellitennavigationssysteme (GNSS) helfen dabei, die damit verbundenen geodynamischen Prozesse besser zu verstehen, indem mit wiederholten oder kontinuierlichen Messungen präzise Deformationsraten der festen Erde abgeleitet werden. Neben der Bestimmung von plattentektonischen Bewegungen zählt in den Polargebieten insbesondere die Erfassung des glazial-isostatischen Ausgleichs (GIA) zu den wichtigsten Anwendungsbereichen von GNSS. GIA beschreibt die Reaktion der festen Erde auf sich verändernde Eisauflasten und äußert sich in einer an der Erdoberfläche messbaren Deformation, welche größtenteils durch Umverteilungen des zähflüssigen Mantelmaterials innerhalb der Erde verursacht wird. Die mittels Satellitengravimetrie bestimmten Eismassenbilanzen, welche etwa bei Klimamodellierungen verwendet werden können, weisen große Fehlereinflüsse durch die Unsicherheiten der GIA-bedingten Massenumverlagerungen auf. Deshalb sind die GNSS-Ergebnisse für die Validierung der GIA-Modelle und darauf basierende Untersuchungen von großer Bedeutung. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine konsistente Prozessierung von allen verfügbaren, in der Antarktis auf Fels gemessenen GNSS-Daten durchgeführt. Die Daten wurden im Rahmen der internationalen Kooperation GIANT-REGAIN (Geodynamics In ANTarctica based on REprocessing GNSS dAta INitiative) zur Verfügung gestellt und die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit stellen zugleich einen Beitrag dazu dar. Ein großes Problem der bisherigen GNSS-Untersuchungen der Antarktis war der beschränkte Umfang, sei es in Folge einer regionalen Analyse oder durch eine eingeschränkte Auswahl an GNSS-Stationen bei Auswertungen im kontinentalen oder globalen Maßstab. Einige wichtige Regionen wurden zudem nur sehr selten berücksichtigt, etwa die durch extreme Eismassenverluste gekennzeichnete Amundsensee-Region. Die verschiedenen GNSS-Untersuchungen verwendeten unterschiedliche Auswertestrategien, Eingangsmodelle und Referenzrahmen, weshalb sich die Raten nicht direkt miteinander vergleichen lassen. Eine Validierung der GIA-Modelle ist daher in den meisten Fällen nur eingeschränkt möglich. Mit der hier durchgeführten gemeinsamen Prozessierung von mehr als 250 GNSS-Stationen für den Zeitraum von 1995 bis 2017 konnten die bisherigen Limitierungen umgangen werden. Für fast alle Stationen ließen sich Deformationsraten bestimmen, welche einer einheitlichen Auswertung entstammen und sich daher direkt vergleichen und interpretieren lassen. Neben der Prozessierung der GNSS-Daten lag ein Fokus auch auf den dazugehörigen Metadaten. Deren korrekte oder unzureichende Erfassung kann einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die abgeleiteten Deformationsraten haben. Durch den Aufbau eines Datenmanagementsystems mit mehreren graphischen Schnittstellen wurde die Datenverwaltung deutlich effizienter gestaltet. Außerdem ließen sich damit viele Fehler detektieren und größtenteils beheben. Weitere Untersuchungsschwerpunkte waren die Optimierung der Realisierung des geodätischen Datums durch Anpassung der Datumsstationsauswahl, die Detektion von Ausreißern und Sprüngen in den Zeitreihen für eine zuverlässige Trendschätzung sowie die Behandlung offensichtlicher Probleme einiger Stationen. Zu den auffälligsten Problemen zählen die Auswirkungen von fehlerhaften Metadaten und von Eisablagerungen innerhalb der Antenne. In diesem Zusammenhang zeigte sich auch, dass automatisierte Verfahren zur Detektion von Ausreißern und Sprüngen sowie robuste Verfahren gegenüber diesen Anomalien für viele Stationen sehr gute Resultate liefern. Es gibt aber auch mehrere Stationen mit einer besonderen Charakteristik, für die eine manuelle Nachbearbeitung dringend anzuraten ist. Insbesondere die Eisablagerungen in den Antennen, welche bisher noch nicht genauer untersucht wurden, können von diesen Verfahren nicht adäquat berücksichtigt werden. Weiterhin wurden im Rahmen einer sorgfältigen Genauigkeitsabschätzung realistische Maße für die Unsicherheiten der GNSS-Deformationsraten abgeleitet. Die mit GNSS ermittelten Deformationsraten der Antarktis wurden im geodynamischen Kontext betrachtet. In der Ostantarktis fallen die vertikalen Deformationsraten sehr gering aus und umfassen nur wenige Millimeter pro Jahr, wobei das Vorzeichen häufig wechselt. Dagegen sind die vertikalen Deformationsraten in der Westantarktis deutlich größer und können mehrere Millimeter pro Jahr betragen. Eine Sonderstellung nehmen dabei die extremen Hebungsraten der Amundsensee-Region ein, welche in dieser Arbeit ausführlicher untersucht wurde. Die dort ermittelten GNSS-Raten von bis zu 62mm/a und die um den Effekt rezenter Eismassenänderungen reduzierten Raten von bis zu 45mm/a stellen weltweit die größten bisher gemessenen Hebungsraten aufgrund glazial induzierter Deformationen dar. Mit zunehmendem Abstand zu den großen Gletschern dieser Region werden die Raten schnell kleiner, woraus große Gradienten resultieren. Fast alle GIA-Modelle unterschätzen die aus GNSS abgeleiteten Hebungsraten um fast eine Größenordnung im Bereich der Gletscher der Amundsensee-Region. Die Ursache liegt mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit in der Kombination aus einer besonderen Rheologie (geringe Mächtigkeit der Lithosphäre und geringe Viskosität der Asthenosphäre) und großen Eismassenverlusten in den letzten Jahrzehnten begründet. Dadurch dominieren jüngere Ereignisse der Vereisungsgeschichte die rezenten Raten, weshalb die klassische Trennung von sofortigen (elastischen) und über Jahrtausende anhaltenden Deformationen in diesem Fall nicht zu funktionieren scheint. Ein geringer Einfluss von tektonischen Prozessen und besonders Vulkanismus kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, signifikante Anteile sind aber sehr unwahrscheinlich. Die horizontalen Deformationsraten der Antarktis spiegeln hauptsächlich die plattentektonische Bewegung wider. Nach Abzug der anteiligen Bewegung der Antarktischen Platte (starres Modell) fallen die horizontalen Raten sehr gering aus, was auch auf die Relativgeschwindigkeiten zutrifft. Deshalb kann die Antarktische Lithosphärenplatte insgesamt als sehr stabil betrachtet werden. Nur zwischen der Antarktischen Halbinsel und den Südlichen Shetlandinseln sowie in der Amundsensee-Region sind größere horizontale Raten vorzufinden, welche durch die Existenz einer separaten Lithosphärenplatte (Shetland-Platte) bzw. im Bereich der Amundsensee durch GIA verursacht werden. / Antarctica is a key region for the development of the climate on Earth. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) help to better understand the associated geodynamic processes by deriving precise deformation rates of the solid Earth using repeated or continuous measurements. Besides the determination of plate tectonic movements, the determination of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is one of the most important applications of GNSS in polar regions. GIA describes the response of the solid Earth to changing ice-loads. It manifests itself in a deformation measurable at the Earth's surface, which is mainly caused by redistributions of the viscous mantle material within the Earth. The ice-mass balances determined by satellite gravimetry, which serves as an input variable for climate modelling, are largely affected by errors due to the uncertainties of the GIA-induced mass redistributions. Therefore, GNSS results are very important for the validation of GIA models and studies based on them. In this thesis a consistent processing of all GNSS data was performed which were measured on bedrock in Antarctica. The data were made available within the international cooperation GIANT-REGAIN (Geodynamics In ANTarctica based on REprocessing GNSS dAta INitiative). In turn, the results of this work are a contribution to this project as well. A major problem of previous GNSS studies in Antarctica has been the limited coverage, resulting from either a regional analysis or a limited selection of GNSS sites for investigations on a continental or global scale. Moreover, some important regions were only very rarely considered, such as the Amundsen Sea embayment which is characterized by an extreme ice-mass loss. Various GNSS studies accomplished so far used different processing strategies, input models and reference frames, so that inferred rates cannot be compared directly. Therefore, in most cases a validation of the GIA models is only possible to a limited extent. Now, with the joint processing of more than 250 GNSS sites for the period from 1995 to 2017 the previous limitations could be circumvented. Deformation rates could be determined for almost all sites, which are derived from a homogeneous analysis and are, therefore, directly comparable and interpretable. Besides the processing of GNSS data another focus lies on the treatment of associated metadata. Their correct or insufficient acquisition can have a significant influence on the derived deformation rates. By setting up a data management system including various graphical interfaces the data handling has been made significantly more efficient. In addition, many errors were detected and could be corrected to a great extent. Further aspects of the investigations include the optimization of the geodetic datum definition by adjusting the fiducial site selection, the detection of outliers and jumps in the time series for a reliable trend estimation, and the handling of obvious problems of some sites. Erroneous metadata and ice deposits within the antenna are among the most problematic effects. In this context, it was also shown that automated methods for the detection of outliers and jumps as well as robust methods to mitigate or eliminate these anomalies provide very good results for many sites. However, there still exist several sites with special characteristics where manual revisions are strongly recommended for. Especially the ice deposits within the antennas, which have not been investigated in detail yet, cannot be adequately considered by these methods. Furthermore, realistic measures for the uncertainties of the GNSS deformation rates were derived by a careful accuracy estimation. The deformation rates determined with GNSS in Antarctica were analysed in a geodynamic context. In East Antarctica, the vertical deformation rates are very small with only a few millimeters per year and a frequently changing sign. In contrast, the vertical deformation rates in West Antarctica are much higher and can reach several millimeters per year. The extreme uplift rates in the area of the Amundsen Sea embayment play a special role and were investigated in more detail within this thesis. There, the GNSS rates reach values of up to 62mm/a and, reduced by the effect of recent ice-mass changes, of up to 45mm/a. They represent the largest measured uplift rates due to glacially induced deformations worldwide. With increasing distance to the large glaciers of this region, the rates decrease rapidly, resulting in large gradients. Nearly all GIA models underestimate the GNSS-derived uplift rates by almost an order of magnitude in that area. This is most likely due to the combination of a special rheology (small thickness of the lithosphere and low viscosity of the asthenosphere) and an extreme ice-mass loss during the last decades. As a result, more recent events in the ice-load history dominate the present-day rates, which is why the classical separation of immediate (elastic) deformations and those that persist over millennia does not seem to work in this case. A minor effect of tectonic processes and especially volcanism cannot be excluded but has most likely no significant influence. The horizontal deformation rates in Antarctica mainly reflect plate tectonic motion. After deducting the proportional motion of the Antarctic Plate, the horizontal rates are very small, which also applies to the relative velocities. Therefore, the Antarctic Plate can be considered as very stable overall. Only between the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands as well as in the Amundsen Sea embayment larger horizontal rates can be found, which are caused by a separate lithospheric microplate (Shetland Plate) or by the considerable GIA effect in the Amundsen Sea embayment, respectively.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-11-26T20:27:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Joel Zubek.pdf: 7864320 bytes, checksum: f2e6f06e6ec1c27abd616c5e845d97f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T20:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Joel Zubek.pdf: 7864320 bytes, checksum: f2e6f06e6ec1c27abd616c5e845d97f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-10 / Entre os principais problemas relacionados à conservação ambiental em áreas agrícolas está a degradação dos solos por meio da erosão hídrica que ocasiona a remoção das camadas mais férteis de solo e o transporte de partículas de solo para as partes mais baixas do relevo, o que contribui para o assoreamento dos recursos hídricos. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo diagnosticar processos erosivos em uma área de produção agrícola localizada na Fazenda Escola Capão da Onça – FESCON – UEPG, mediante análise de dados obtidos por Sistema de Navegação Global por Satélite (Global Navigation Satellite System - GNSS) e Aeronaves Remotamente Pilotadas (Remotely Piloted Aircraft - RPA). Para a realização do trabalho foi implantada uma grade regular com pontos de 45 x 45 metros de distância, totalizando 140 pontos em uma área de aproximadamente 26 hectares. Foram realizados georreferenciamento dos pontos da grade regular por meio de receptores de sinal GNSS Geodésico pós-processado e a coleta de atributos do solo (textura do solo). Os dados de textura do solo levantados na grade regular proporcionaram gerar modelos para o cálculo do fator de erodibilidade do solo para área de estudo. Com os valores altimétricos das coordenadas levantadas nos pontos da grade regular foi possível avaliar a precisão vertical de Modelos Numéricos do Terreno - MNT gerados por meio de dados obtidos com RPA. Foram avaliados os modelos gerados com dados obtidos por meio de equipamentos de RPA de asa fixa e multirotor com a distribuição de diferentes números de pontos de controle e sem pontos de controle. Mediante a análise estatística aplicada em relação entre a dispersão das diferenças altimétricas geradas nos MNT e os pontos da grade regular usados como referência, o MNT gerado com os dados de RPA asa fixa com pontos de controle apresentou o melhor resultado. Diante da constatação do melhor MNT foi modelado o fator topográfico para a área de estudo. A utilização de Sistema de Informação Geográfica - SIG proporcionou integrar todos os dados em um único ambiente computacional; gerar modelos por meio de interpolação; analisar a precisão dos modelos; implementar as equações para o cálculo dos fatores de erodibilidade e topográfico e também a Equação Universal de Perda de Solo Revisada (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation – RUSLE); além das representações das informações. O resultado obtido com o modelo gerado mediante o cálculo da RUSLE apresentou a estimativa que mais de 70 % da área de estudo está com baixa suscetibilidade à erosão ou ligeira perda de solo. O restante da área de estudo apresentou perda de solos acima de 10 tonelada/ha.ano, indicando média e alta suscetibilidade à erosão. / Among the major problems related to environmental conservation in agricultural areas is soil degradation through water erosion, which causes the removal of the most fertile soil layers and the transport of soil particles to the lower parts of the relief, which contributes to the silting up of water resources. Therefore, the present study aimed to diagnose erosive processes in an area of agricultural production located at Fazenda Escola Capão da Onça - FESCON - UEPG, by analyzing data obtained by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA).For the accomplishment of the work a regular grid with points of 45 x 45 meters of distance was implanted, totaling 140 points in an area of approximately 26 hectares. Georeferencing of the regular grid points was carried out by means of post-processed GNSS signal receivers and the soil attributes collection (soil texture). The soil texture data collected in the regular grid provided the model for calculating the soil erodibility factor for the study area. With the altimetric values of the coordinates raised at the points of the regular grid it was possible to evaluate the vertical accuracy of Numerical Terrain Models generated through data obtained with RPA. The models generated with data obtained by means of fixed-wing and multirotor RPA equipment with the distribution of different numbers of control points and without control points were evaluated. by means of the statistical analysis applied in relation between the dispersion of the altimetric differences generated in the Numerical Terrain Model and the points of the regular grid used as reference, the Numerical Terrain Model generated with the fixed wing RPA data with control points presented the best result. In view of the finding of the best NTM, the topographic factor was modeled for the study area. The use of Geographic Information System GIS provided to integrate all the data in a unique computational environment; generate models through interpolation; analyze the accuracy of the models; implement the equations for the calculation of the erodibility and topographic factors and also the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE); beyond the representations of the information. The result obtained with the model generated by RUSLE calculation showed that more than 70% of the study area is low susceptibility to erosion or slight soil loss. The rest of the study area presented soil loss above 10 ton / ha.year, indicating medium and high susceptibility to erosion.