A utilização massiva dos recursos naturais na atualidade, gera como uma de suas consequências, uma vasta depreciação dos componentes bióticos e abióticos que compõe o planeta Terra. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria possui uma diversidade fisiografica e constantemente vem sofrendo alterações ocasionadas pelas atividades antrópicas. Há uma demanda, por parte de educadores, técnicos e gestores da região, de informações ligadas a questão ambiental, de forma espacializada e georreferenciada. O presente trabalho possui como objetivo geral analisar e elaborar uma proposta de zoneamento geoambiental, utilizando métodos de mapeamentos automáticos na definição dos parâmetros naturais que servem como base para o estudo e zoneamento geoambiental. A metodologia está baseada na proposta metodológica para zonemanento Geoambiental desenvolvida por Trentin e Robaina 2005, porém como inovação nesse trabalho, optou-se por utilizar a avaliação do relevo através dos Geomorphons os quais serviram de base para a definição de compartimentos do relevo que cruzados com informações referentes a solo e litologias, originaram um mapa com informações fisiográficas. Através da interpolação do mapa fisiográfico com o mapa de uso e ocupação se obteve o mapa geoambiental. Nos resultados foram apresentadas informações sobre a morfometria da área em estudo, também foram definidas três unidades litológicas, três unidades simplificadas de solo, quatro compartimentos de relevo, quatorze unidades fisiográficas, seis classes de uso e ocupação do solo, ainda sete Sistemas e doze Unidades Geoambientais com isso foi possível definir e discutir sobre as potencialidades e suscetibilidades. A elaboração do zoneamento geoambiental, com base na definição de potencialidades e suscetibilidade, são delimitadas a partir de caracteristicas homogeneas da área de estudo, é uma importante ferramenta para avaliação e compreensão das alterações ambientais. Dessa forma, foi elaborado um diagnóstico, no qual foram apresentadas caracteristicas naturais e antrópicas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria. / The massive use of natural resources, generates as one of its consequences, a vast depreciation of the biotic and abiotic components that make up the planet Earth. The Santa Maria River Basin has a physiographic diversity and is constantly undergoing changes caused by anthropic activities. There is an existent demand, by educators, technicians and managers of the region, of information related to different topics in a spatialized and georeferenced. The present work has as general objective to analyze and elaborate a proposal of geoenvironmental zoning, using automatic mapping methods in the definition of the natural parameters that serve as the basis for geoenvironmental study and zoning. The methodology is based on the methodological proposal for Geoenvironmental zonemanento developed by Trentin and Robaina 2005, but as innovation in this work, it was decided to use the evaluation of the relief through the Geomorphons which served as the basis for the definition of relief compartments that crossed with Information on soil and lithologies, originated a map with physiographic information. Through the interpolation of the physiographic map with the map of use and occupation the geoenvironmental map was obtained. The results were presented with information on the morphometry of the study area, three lithologic units were defined, three simplified soil units, four relief compartments, fourteen physiographic units, six use classes and soil occupation, seven systems and twelve units Geoenvironmental with this it was possible to define and discuss about the potentialities and susceptibilities. The elaboration of geoenvironmental zoning, based on the definition of potentialities and susceptibility, are delimited from homogeneous characteristics of the study area, is an important tool for evaluation and understanding of environmental changes. In this way, a diagnosis was elaborated, in which natural and anthropic characteristics of the Santa Maria River Basin were presented.

A utilização massiva dos recursos naturais na atualidade, gera como uma de suas consequências, uma vasta depreciação dos componentes bióticos e abióticos que compõe o planeta Terra. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria possui uma diversidade fisiografica e constantemente vem sofrendo alterações ocasionadas pelas atividades antrópicas. Há uma demanda, por parte de educadores, técnicos e gestores da região, de informações ligadas a questão ambiental, de forma espacializada e georreferenciada. O presente trabalho possui como objetivo geral analisar e elaborar uma proposta de zoneamento geoambiental, utilizando métodos de mapeamentos automáticos na definição dos parâmetros naturais que servem como base para o estudo e zoneamento geoambiental. A metodologia está baseada na proposta metodológica para zonemanento Geoambiental desenvolvida por Trentin e Robaina 2005, porém como inovação nesse trabalho, optou-se por utilizar a avaliação do relevo através dos Geomorphons os quais serviram de base para a definição de compartimentos do relevo que cruzados com informações referentes a solo e litologias, originaram um mapa com informações fisiográficas. Através da interpolação do mapa fisiográfico com o mapa de uso e ocupação se obteve o mapa geoambiental. Nos resultados foram apresentadas informações sobre a morfometria da área em estudo, também foram definidas três unidades litológicas, três unidades simplificadas de solo, quatro compartimentos de relevo, quatorze unidades fisiográficas, seis classes de uso e ocupação do solo, ainda sete Sistemas e doze Unidades Geoambientais com isso foi possível definir e discutir sobre as potencialidades e suscetibilidades. A elaboração do zoneamento geoambiental, com base na definição de potencialidades e suscetibilidade, são delimitadas a partir de caracteristicas homogeneas da área de estudo, é uma importante ferramenta para avaliação e compreensão das alterações ambientais. Dessa forma, foi elaborado um diagnóstico, no qual foram apresentadas caracteristicas naturais e antrópicas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria. / The massive use of natural resources, generates as one of its consequences, a vast depreciation of the biotic and abiotic components that make up the planet Earth. The Santa Maria River Basin has a physiographic diversity and is constantly undergoing changes caused by anthropic activities. There is an existent demand, by educators, technicians and managers of the region, of information related to different topics in a spatialized and georeferenced. The present work has as general objective to analyze and elaborate a proposal of geoenvironmental zoning, using automatic mapping methods in the definition of the natural parameters that serve as the basis for geoenvironmental study and zoning. The methodology is based on the methodological proposal for Geoenvironmental zonemanento developed by Trentin and Robaina 2005, but as innovation in this work, it was decided to use the evaluation of the relief through the Geomorphons which served as the basis for the definition of relief compartments that crossed with Information on soil and lithologies, originated a map with physiographic information. Through the interpolation of the physiographic map with the map of use and occupation the geoenvironmental map was obtained. The results were presented with information on the morphometry of the study area, three lithologic units were defined, three simplified soil units, four relief compartments, fourteen physiographic units, six use classes and soil occupation, seven systems and twelve units Geoenvironmental with this it was possible to define and discuss about the potentialities and susceptibilities. The elaboration of geoenvironmental zoning, based on the definition of potentialities and susceptibility, are delimited from homogeneous characteristics of the study area, is an important tool for evaluation and understanding of environmental changes. In this way, a diagnosis was elaborated, in which natural and anthropic characteristics of the Santa Maria River Basin were presented.

A utilização massiva dos recursos naturais na atualidade, gera como uma de suas consequências, uma vasta depreciação dos componentes bióticos e abióticos que compõe o planeta Terra. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria possui uma diversidade fisiografica e constantemente vem sofrendo alterações ocasionadas pelas atividades antrópicas. Há uma demanda, por parte de educadores, técnicos e gestores da região, de informações ligadas a questão ambiental, de forma espacializada e georreferenciada. O presente trabalho possui como objetivo geral analisar e elaborar uma proposta de zoneamento geoambiental, utilizando métodos de mapeamentos automáticos na definição dos parâmetros naturais que servem como base para o estudo e zoneamento geoambiental. A metodologia está baseada na proposta metodológica para zonemanento Geoambiental desenvolvida por Trentin e Robaina 2005, porém como inovação nesse trabalho, optou-se por utilizar a avaliação do relevo através dos Geomorphons os quais serviram de base para a definição de compartimentos do relevo que cruzados com informações referentes a solo e litologias, originaram um mapa com informações fisiográficas. Através da interpolação do mapa fisiográfico com o mapa de uso e ocupação se obteve o mapa geoambiental. Nos resultados foram apresentadas informações sobre a morfometria da área em estudo, também foram definidas três unidades litológicas, três unidades simplificadas de solo, quatro compartimentos de relevo, quatorze unidades fisiográficas, seis classes de uso e ocupação do solo, ainda sete Sistemas e doze Unidades Geoambientais com isso foi possível definir e discutir sobre as potencialidades e suscetibilidades. A elaboração do zoneamento geoambiental, com base na definição de potencialidades e suscetibilidade, são delimitadas a partir de caracteristicas homogeneas da área de estudo, é uma importante ferramenta para avaliação e compreensão das alterações ambientais. Dessa forma, foi elaborado um diagnóstico, no qual foram apresentadas caracteristicas naturais e antrópicas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria. / The massive use of natural resources, generates as one of its consequences, a vast depreciation of the biotic and abiotic components that make up the planet Earth. The Santa Maria River Basin has a physiographic diversity and is constantly undergoing changes caused by anthropic activities. There is an existent demand, by educators, technicians and managers of the region, of information related to different topics in a spatialized and georeferenced. The present work has as general objective to analyze and elaborate a proposal of geoenvironmental zoning, using automatic mapping methods in the definition of the natural parameters that serve as the basis for geoenvironmental study and zoning. The methodology is based on the methodological proposal for Geoenvironmental zonemanento developed by Trentin and Robaina 2005, but as innovation in this work, it was decided to use the evaluation of the relief through the Geomorphons which served as the basis for the definition of relief compartments that crossed with Information on soil and lithologies, originated a map with physiographic information. Through the interpolation of the physiographic map with the map of use and occupation the geoenvironmental map was obtained. The results were presented with information on the morphometry of the study area, three lithologic units were defined, three simplified soil units, four relief compartments, fourteen physiographic units, six use classes and soil occupation, seven systems and twelve units Geoenvironmental with this it was possible to define and discuss about the potentialities and susceptibilities. The elaboration of geoenvironmental zoning, based on the definition of potentialities and susceptibility, are delimited from homogeneous characteristics of the study area, is an important tool for evaluation and understanding of environmental changes. In this way, a diagnosis was elaborated, in which natural and anthropic characteristics of the Santa Maria River Basin were presented.

<div><p><br></p></div><p>This study makes use of a Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy (TRRS) system developed in the Purdue Civil Engineering spectroscopy laboratory to advance technology critical to enable field deployment of Raman spectroscopic systems, with a primary focus on developing solutions to overcome two specific barriers to Raman analysis in the natural environment: (1) obtaining Raman spectra of chemical compounds at field-relevant concentrations, and (2) realizing economical spatial monitoring. To inform both streams of activity, this work first explores the role of component choice and apparatus design on Raman system output. A component-level Raman system transfer function is developed in terms of intensity, wavelength, and time which yields detailed insight into system performance that greatly exceeds traditional single “system factor” treatments of apparatus effects. The modelling frame provided by the transfer function is universally applicable in that it is inclusive of the majority of component choices that may be encountered in any open-path or closed-path Raman system, and is likely to be valuable in efforts to assess the performance benefits and limitations of system designs, modify or tailor apparatus layouts, facilitate experiment design, and compare results obtained on different systems. </p><p><br></p><p>The system characterization offered by the transfer function is then employed to develop a multi-photon counting algorithm realized through digital signal processing (DSP) which captures photon arrivals traditionally ignored in conventional counting methods. This approach increases acquired Raman intensity for any given analyte by using detector output voltage or a voltage-time product as an energy proxy – an approach that is likey broadly applicable to any spectroscopic techniques employing detectors that make use of the photoelectric effect. In experiments carried out on analytes (nitrate, isopropanol, and rhodamine 6G) in aqueous solutions, enhanced observations enabled by the multi-photon counting algorithm are shown to increase observed Raman intensities of low Raman-yield solutions 2.0-3.1-fold compared to single-threshold analysis, and also extend the upper observation limit of strong Raman-yield solutions that would traditionally saturate detectors using a binary photon counting scheme. Notably, the improved performance offered by the multi-photon counting algorithm is realized through comparison of multi-photon and conventional counting algorithms applied to the same data in a post-processing exercise, thus eliminating any effects of test-to-test variation on results, and highlighting the ability to employ the developed counting approach without modification of traditional systems.</p><p><br></p><p>Additional insights from the system transfer function are also used to inform exploration of a novel approach to enable spatial environmental monitoring via Raman spectroscopy by combining fiber optics, optical switch technology, and the Raman system prototype. Tests designed to evaluate the system configured as a multiplexed optically switched fiber optic network demonstrate the potential to deliver excitation and collect Raman scattering from different desired monitoring locations with a sole excitation source and a single detector over substantial distances. Using nitrate as an example compound of interest, it is demonstrated that the system has a detection limit of 5 ppm within approximately 1.5 meters, which increases to 15 ppm at 100 m, and 38 ppm at 200 m. Modelling informed using the developed system transfer function highlights that improving the prototype by eliminating fiber connectors and making use of commercially available visible-light optimized fiber can substantially extend the range of the system, offering a 15-ppm nitrate detection limit at 2100 m. As increases in laser power, testing time, and collection optic efficiency are all also straightforward and viable, the prototype demonstrates realistic potential to achieve field relevant detection sensitivity over great distance.</p><p><br></p><p>As a final demonstration of system potential, a set of experiments on aqueous nitrate solutions is performed to understand the influence of turbidity, fluorescence, optics size, and varied raw data integration lengths on Raman observations. Results demonstrate that cumulative advances in the TRRS system establish a new generation of Raman spectroscopic sensing amenable to long-term environmental monitoring over significant spatial extent in complex in-situ conditions. Specific advances made herein include enhanced power delivery and scattered light collection informed by the system transfer function, increases in sensitivity from multi-photon counting, and incorporation of optical multiplexing. Overall, the Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopic System (TRRS) now offers a set of capabilities that bring in-field deployment within practical reach.</p>