La surface terrestre est affectée par de nombreux processus locaux tels que des événements volcaniques, des glissements de terrain ou des tremblements de terre. Parallèlement à ces processus naturels, les activités anthropiques, y compris l’extraction et le stockage des ressources profondes (par exemple, les minéraux ou les hydrocarbures) façonnent la Terre à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. Ces mécanismes produisent une déformation du sol qui peut être détectée par divers instruments et techniques géodésiques tel que le GNSS, l’InSAR, les inclinomètres. Le but de cette thèse est de développer un outil numérique permettant l’inversion conjointe de multiples données géodésiques associées à la déformation de la plaque ou au changement de contrainte volumique en profondeur. Quatre types d’applications sont ciblés: la déformation intersismiques des plaques, la déformation des volcans, l’exploitation minière profonde et l’extraction de pétrole et de gaz. Différentes complexités du modèle inverse ont été considérées: le niveau I considère un seul type de données géodésiques avec un processus indépendant du temps. Une application est réalisée avec l’inversion des données GPS à travers le sud de la Californie pour déterminer les variations latérales de la rigidité lithosphérique (Furst et al., 2017). Le niveau II représente également un seul type de données géodésiques mais avec un processus dépendant du temps. La détermination conjointe de l’historique des changements de contrainte et des paramètres de dérive d’un réseau d’inclinomètres est étudiée à l’aide d’un exemple synthétique (Furst et al., soumis). Le niveau III considère différents types de données géodésiques et un processus dépendant du temps. Un réseau fictif combinant des données GNSS, InSAR, inclinométriques et de nivellement est défini pour calculer le changement de volume dépendant du temps d’une source profonde de déformation. Une méthodologie pour implémenter ces différents niveaux de complexité est développée dans un seul logiciel. Parce que le problème inverse peut être mal posé, la minimisation de la fonctionnelle peut produire plusieurs minima. Par conséquent, un algorithme d’optimisation global est utilisé (Mohammadi and Saïac, 2003). Le problème direct est traité en utilisant un ensemble de modèles élastiques numériques et analytiques permettant de modéliser les processus de déformation en profondeur. Grâce à ces développements numériques, des avancées concernant les problèmes inverses en géodésie devraient être possibles telle que l’inversion jointe de différents types de données géodésiques acquises lors de la surveillance des volcans. Dans cette perspective, la possibilité de déterminer par inversion les paramètres de dérive des inclinomètres permettrait une détermination précise des sources de déformation profondes. En outre, la méthodologie développée peut être utilisée pour une surveillance précise de la déformation des réservoirs de pétrole et de gaz. / The Earth’s surface is affected by numerous local processes like volcanic events, landslides or earthquakes. Along with these natural processes, anthropogenic activities including extraction and storage of deep resources (e.g. minerals, hydrocarbons) shape the Earth at different space and time scales. These mechanisms produce ground deformation that can be detected by various geodetic instruments like GNSS, InSAR, tiltmeters, for example. The purpose of the thesis is to develop a numerical tool to provide the joint inversion of multiple geodetic data associated to plate deformation or volume strain change at depth. Four kinds of applications are targeted: interseismic plate deformation, volcano deformation, deep mining, and oil & gas extraction. Different inverse model complexities were considered: the I-level considers a single type of geodetic data with a time independent process. An application is made with inverting GPS data across southern California to determine the lateral variations of lithospheric rigidity (Furst et al., 2017). The II-level also accounts for a single type of geodetic data but with a time-dependent process. The joint determination of strain change history and the drift parameters of a tiltmeter network is studied through a synthetic example (Furst et al., submitted). The III-level considers different types of geodetic data and a timedependent process. A fictitious network made by GNSS, InSAR, tiltmeters and levelling surveys is defined to compute the time dependent volume change of a deep source of strain. We develop a methodology to implement these different levels of complexity in a single software. Because the inverse problem is possibly ill-posed, the functional to minimize may display several minima. Therefore, a global optimization algorithm is used (Mohammadi and Saïac, 2003). The forward part of the problem is treated by using a collection of numerical and analytical elastic models allowing to model the deformation processes at depth. Thanks to these numerical developments, new advances for inverse geodetic problems should be possible like the joint inversion of various types of geodetic data acquired for volcano monitoring. In this perspective, the possibility to determine by inverse problem the tiltmeter drift parameters should allow for a precise determination of deep strain sources. Also, the developed methodology can be used for an accurate monitoring of oil & gas reservoir deformation.

Submitted by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2016-04-08T19:15:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) tese_9214_Pedro Junior Zucatelli - verso final.pdf: 4865384 bytes, checksum: 570b50189e5399bc757b7e56ec6fff81 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-05-13T13:42:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) tese_9214_Pedro Junior Zucatelli - verso final.pdf: 4865384 bytes, checksum: 570b50189e5399bc757b7e56ec6fff81 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T13:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) tese_9214_Pedro Junior Zucatelli - verso final.pdf: 4865384 bytes, checksum: 570b50189e5399bc757b7e56ec6fff81 (MD5) / Conforme reconhecido pelo Protocolo de Kyoto, planejar um futuro energético ecologicamente correto é o grande desafio do Século XXI. Os padrões atuais de recursos energéticos e de uso de energia se mostram prejudiciais para o bem-estar da humanidade ao longo prazo. A integridade dos sistemas naturais essenciais já está em risco devido às mudanças climáticas causadas pelas intensas emissões dos Gases de Efeito Estufa na atmosfera. Neste contexto, o Sequestro Geológico de Carbono (ou Carbon Capture and Storage – CCS) é uma atividade promissora que visa contribuir para a redução da emissão dos gases causadores do efeito estufa e a mitigação das alterações climáticas, por meio da captura, transporte e armazenamento de CO2 em formações geológicas adequadas (aquíferos salinos, reservatórios de hidrocarbonetos e reservatórios de carvão). Portanto, inserida neste cenário, esta Dissertação teve como objetivo analisar o potencial técnico do sequestro geológico de CO2 na Bacia do Espírito Santo onshore e offshore abordando os ambientes geológicos propícios para a aplicação de projetos de CCS, as fases que compõem estes projetos, seus investimentos e custos operacionais. Além disso, foi realizada a modelagem matemática da potencialidade de armazenamento assim como a estimativa de rentabilidade financeira com a execução do projeto de armazenamento por meio da venda do óleo extra produzido pela técnica de recuperação avançada de petróleo e pela comercialização dos Créditos de Carbono. Para isso, este projeto teve como estratégia metodológica: a xviii pesquisa exploratória e a revisão da literatura relacionada com o tema, a coleta de dados secundários, via análise de documentos, e a coleta de dados primários, via entrevistas com experts e participações em congressos nacionais e internacionais voltados para o tema. Sendo assim, conclui-se que os projetos de CCS são possíveis de implantação no estado do Espírito Santo, isto porque além da estrutura geológica dos reservatórios de petróleo e gás da bacia capixaba contribuir para bons resultados (pois, na maioria dos casos, são reservatórios areníticos com presença de rocha selante), o potencial dos aquíferos salinos capixabas e o potencial dos campos de hidrocarbonetos estudados nesta dissertação (Campo de Golfinho, Inhambú, Fazenda Alegre, Cação, Canapu, Cangoá, Peroá e Camarupim) merecem destaque nacional; entretanto, a falta de maturidade dos setores privado e público, com relação ao gerenciamento dos projetos desta natureza e ao seu uso em larga escala, impede o avanço de tais tecnologias no estado do Espírito Santo e, por consequência, no Brasil. / According to the Kyoto Protocol, planning an ecologically sustainable future is the greatest challenge of the 21st Century. Current patterns of energy resources and energy use are shown detrimental to the welfare of mankind in the long run. The integrity of essential natural systems is already at risk because of the climate change caused by the intense emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In this context, the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is a promising activity that aims to reduce the emission of gases responsible by the greenhouse effect and climate change mitigation through CO2 capture, transport and storage in suitable geological formations (saline aquifers, coal reservoirs, oil and gas reservoirs). Therefore, inserted in this context, this dissertation has how objective analysis of the technical potential for carbon capture and geological sequestration of Espírito Santo onshore and offshore basin addressing amenable geologic environments to the application of CCS projects, phases that make up these projects, their investments and operational costs and the development of mathematical modeling for the calculations regarding the storage capability and calculation of estimated financial profitability along with its execution through the sale of extra oil produced by the advanced recovery technique of oil and the sale of carbon credits. For that, this project had how methodological strategy: the exploratory research and review of the literature on the subject, the collection of secondary data, via document analysis, and xx collecting primary data via interviews with experts and participation in national and international congress geared for the theme. Therefore, it is concluded that CCS projects are possible deployment in the state of Espírito Santo, this is because in addition to the geological structure of oil and gas reservoirs in the Espírito Santo basin contribute to good results (as, in most cases, are sandstone reservoirs with presence of seal rock), the potential of saline aquifers and the potential of hydrocarbon fields studied in this dissertation (Golfinho, Inhambú, Fazenda Alegre, Cação, Canapu, Cangoá, Peroá and Camarupim) deserve national recognition; however, the lack of maturity of the private and public sectors, with respect to the management of projects of this nature and their widespread use, prevents the advancement of such technologies in the state of Espírito Santo and therefore in Brazil.