published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Geography and Geology / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Geography and Geology / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Applied Geosciences / Master / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / Applied Geosciences / Master / Master of Science

A study of the Strategic Sewage Disposal Scheme (SSDS) Stage 1 Tunnel F in Hong Kong was carried out as it is a great example of deep sub-sea hard rock TBM tunnelling through unfavourable, fault-affected ground conditions with heavy water inflows. The main objective of this study was to document events that took place during Tunnel F excavation and collate geological and geotechnical data related to the excavation, to aid future tunnel designers and contractors to assess the risk involved with such tunnelling projects. Data relevant to Tunnel F was collected from many personnel involved with the excavation, and from the Hong Kong Geological Survey (HKGS) of the Geotechnical Engineering Office. Geological maps, ground investigation data, tunnel mapping records, ground water inflow records and grouting records were reviewed and used to summarise the ground conditions and to analyse various potential relationships. Knowledge of ground conditions is the most important requirement for any tunnelling project. This dissertation addresses the differences between actual and predicted ground conditions and the consequences of lack of ground investigation data. The major difference between predicted and observed ground conditions during Tunnel F excavation was the amount of water ingress into the tunnel. Hundreds of liters per minute of water at up to 13bar pressure was encountered from a few probe and grout holes. In the Tolo Channel Fault area, low Q values and very high ground water inflows were experienced, and heavy temporary support and large grout volumes were required to complete the tunnel. / published_or_final_version / Applied Geosciences / Master / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

嚴南海. / 複寫本. / 附錄: Geotechnical area study: north west. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院地理系. / Fu xie ben. / Fu lu: Geotechnical area study: north west. / New Territories: terrain classification map. / Yan Nanhai. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan di li xi. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 / Chapter 1.1 --- 理論依據 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- 土地分析的性質 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- 土地分析的概念 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- 土地分析的發展 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- 土地分類的方向 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- 土地分析的方法 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- 土地評估的性質 / Chapter 1.1.7 --- 土地評估的方法 / Chapter 1.2 --- 研究目的 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研究意義 / Chapter 第二章 --- 研究區域與研究方法 / Chapter 2.1 --- 研究區自然環境概況 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 位置 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 地質 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 氣候 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- 土壤 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- 植被 / Chapter 2.2 --- 研究方法 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 資料搜集及處理 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 統計分析 / Chapter 2.3 --- 研究限制 / Chapter 第三章 --- 元朗地區的土地特徵 / Chapter 3.1 --- 土地條件 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- 坡度 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- 土地要素 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- 侵蝕不穩性 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- 地表物質 / Chapter 3.2 --- 土地特徵的相互關係 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 土地要素與坡度 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 土地要素與侵蝕不穩性 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 土地要素與地表物質 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- 坡度與侵蝕不穩性 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- 坡度與地表物質 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- 地表物質與侵蝕不穩性 / Chapter 3.3 --- 岩性與土地特徵 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 岩性與坡度的關係 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 岩性與侵蝕不穩性的關係 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 岩性與地表物質的關係 / Chapter 3.4 --- 小結 / Chapter 第四章 --- 土地利用與土地特徵的關係 / Chapter 4.1 --- 土地利用分佈概況 / Chapter 4.2 --- 各土地特徵對土地利用的影響 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 土地利用與坡度 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 土地利用與土地要素 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 土地利用與侵蝕不穩性 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- 土地利用與地表物質 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- 小結──農業用地與城市用地的土地條件差異 / Chapter 第五章 --- 元朗地區的土地分區與評估 / Chapter 5.1 --- 元朗地區的土地分區 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- 聚類分析結果 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- 判別分析結果 / Chapter 5.2 --- 元朗地區七個土地分區的土地利用潛力評估 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 土地利用潛力分類 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 各分區的土地利用潛力及發展方向 / Chapter 5.3 --- 元朗地區社區發展的土地潛力 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 社區發展上的地貌限制 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 元朗地區社區發展的空間取向 / Chapter 5.4 --- 小結 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 / 參考文獻 / Chapter 附錄： --- Geotechnical Area Study──North West New Territories: Terrain Classification Map

by Cheung May Shuen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-165). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi-ix / LIST OF PLATES --- p.x / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xi / Chapter CHAPTER I - --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of Quaternary Studies in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Necessity of Regional and Local Practice --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Need for Regional Synthesis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Linking Onshore Studies with Offshore Ones --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- The Yuen Long Floodplain --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Previous Work --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- The Need for Detailed Study --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7 --- Significance of the Study --- p.14 / Chapter CHAPTER II - --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Quaternary Period --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Global Pleistocene Sea-level Reduction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Evidence of Pleistocene Sea-level Reduction in South China and Hong Kong --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5 --- The Postglacial Rise in Sea-level --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6 --- Holocene Sea-level Movements in Zhujiang Delta and Hong Kong --- p.23 / Chapter 2.7 --- Hong Kong Quaternary Studies --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- A Wealth of Offshore Studies --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- A Lack of Onshore Studies --- p.27 / Chapter 2.8 --- Methods of Investigation --- p.28 / Chapter 2.9 --- Offshore Quaternary Sediments in Hong Kong --- p.30 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- The Chek Lap Kok Formation --- p.31 / Age of Formation --- p.32 / Seismic Characteristics --- p.33 / Lithology --- p.33 / Sedimentary Environment --- p.34 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- The Sham Wat Formation --- p.36 / Age of Formation --- p.36 / Seismic Characteristics --- p.37 / Lithology --- p.37 / Sedimentary Environment --- p.38 / Chapter 2.9.3 --- The Hang Hau Formation --- p.39 / Age of Formation --- p.39 / Seismic Characteristics --- p.40 / Lithology --- p.40 / Sedimentary Environment --- p.41 / Chapter 2.10 --- Summary of Hong Kong Quaternary Superficial Geology --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER III - --- STUDY AREA / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Geographical Setting and Existing Development --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3 --- Relief --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4 --- Climate --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5 --- Surface Hydrology --- p.51 / Chapter 3.6 --- Geology --- p.51 / Chapter 3.7 --- Geomorphology --- p.53 / Chapter 3.8 --- Superficial Deposits --- p.55 / Chapter 3.9 --- The Hong Kong Geological Survey --- p.58 / Chapter 3.10 --- Location of Boreholes BGS 11 and 23 --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER IV - --- METHODOLOGY / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2 --- Borehole Collection --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- Analytical Approach --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4 --- Laboratory Logging and Description --- p.64 / Chapter 4.5 --- Sedimentological Analysis --- p.65 / Chapter 4.6 --- Geochemical Analysis --- p.66 / Chapter 4.7 --- Micropalaeontological Analysis --- p.71 / Chapter 4.8 --- Chronological Analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 4.9 --- Stratigraphy and Borehole Comparison --- p.74 / Chapter CHAPTER V - --- BGS 11 - DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.75 / Chapter 5.2 --- Geological Description of Borehole BGS 11 --- p.76 / Chapter 5.3 --- Geochemical Results --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Soil Reaction pH --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Electrical Conductivity --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Organic Carbon --- p.93 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Calcium Carbonates --- p.93 / Chapter 5.4 --- Micropalaeontological Results --- p.94 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Diatom Results --- p.94 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Sponge Spicules Results --- p.98 / Chapter 5.5 --- Radiocarbon Dating Results --- p.100 / Chapter 5.6 --- Environmental Interpretations --- p.101 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- The Terrestrial Sequence (20.70 to 8.10m) --- p.101 / The Colluvial Unit (20.70 to 16.50m) --- p.102 / The Floodplain Unit (16.50 to 8.10m) --- p.103 / The Palaeosol Unit (8.10 to 7.26m) --- p.107 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- The Shallow Marine Sequence (7.26 to 4.05m) --- p.108 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- The Coastal Swamp Sequence (4.05 to 2.35m) --- p.111 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.113 / Chapter CHAPTER VI - --- BGS 23 - DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.114 / Chapter 6.2 --- Geological Description of Borehole BGS 23 --- p.114 / Chapter 6.3 --- Geochemical Results --- p.126 / Chapter 6.4 --- Micropalaeontological Results --- p.129 / Chapter 6.5 --- Environmental Interpretation --- p.129 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- The Weathered Shale Sequence (15.90 to 15.00m) --- p.130 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- The Fluvial Sequence (13.65 to 2.85m) --- p.131 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- The Backswamp Sequence (2.85 to 1.73m) --- p.135 / Chapter 6.6 --- Conclusion --- p.137 / Chapter CHAPTER VII - --- STRATIGRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION AND COMPARISON / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.138 / Chapter 7.2 --- Stratigraphical Division in Hong Kong and the Zhujiang Delta --- p.138 / Chapter 7.3 --- Stratigraphical Interpretation of BGS 11 --- p.140 / Chapter 7.4 --- Stratigraphical Interpretation of BGS 23 --- p.142 / Chapter 7.5 --- Stratigraphic Comparison --- p.143 / Chapter 7.5.1 --- Comparison with Onshore Boreholes --- p.143 / Chapter 7.5.2 --- Comparison with Offshore Boreholes in Hong Kong and Zhujiang Delta --- p.147 / Chapter 7.6 --- Conclusion --- p.150 / Chapter CHAPTER VIII - --- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION / Chapter 8.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.151 / Chapter 8.2 --- Limitations --- p.153 / Chapter 8.3 --- Future Work --- p.155 / REFERENCES --- p.157 / APPENDICES / APPENDIX A The complete logging sheets for BGS11 / APPENDIX B The complete logging sheets for BGS23

Lai, Yuk Fo. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-191). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv / Dedication --- p.v / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Table of contents --- p.viii / List of tables --- p.xii / List of figures --- p.xiii / List of plates --- p.xv / List of symbols and abbreviations --- p.xvi / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Wetlands and water quality --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The role of sediments in eutrophication control --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Wetlands in ecological mitigation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Previous studies of wetland pollution in Hong Kong --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual framework --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of study --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Quantification of phosphorus retention in wetlands --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Input-output concentration approach --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Mass balance approach --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Phosphorus removal efficiency --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Phosphorus sorption by wetland sediments --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Sorption and its significance --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Phosphorus sorption maxima --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Adsorption-desorption equilibrium --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Phosphorus sorption kinetics --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- Phosphorus exchange across the sediment-water interface --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Phosphorus mobilization and transport mechanisms --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Phosphorus flux from aquatic sediments --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5 --- Phosphorus fractionation in wetland sediments --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Major sediment phosphorus fractions --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Phosphorus fractionation methods --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Relationships between phosphorus fractions and bioavailability . --- p.32 / Chapter 2.6 --- Factors affecting sediment-water phosphorus exchange --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- pH --- p.34 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Redox potential --- p.34 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Temperature --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Salinity --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- Sediment properties --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- Overall study approach --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Geographical setting of Hong Kong --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Climate --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Geology and landform --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Soil --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Vegetation --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study sites --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Site selection --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Site description --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- The Hong Kong Wetland Park --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4 --- Sampling strategy --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Sampling locations --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Sampling dates --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Sample collection and treatment --- p.58 / Chapter 3.5 --- Sample analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Analysis of sediment samples --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Sediment texture --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- Sediment pH --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1.3 --- Redox potential --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1.4 --- Sediment moisture --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.1.5 --- Organic matter --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.1.6 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.1.7 --- "Total Fe, Al, and P" --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.1.8 --- "Oxalate-extractable Fe, Al, and P" --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Analysis of water samples --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- "Water pH, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, temperature and DO" --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Orthophosphate --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Total nitrogen and phosphorus --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Determination of phosphorus exchange characteristics --- p.65 / Chapter 3.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Phosphorus Fractionation in Wetland Sediments in Hong Kong / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sample collection and analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Phosphorus fractionation --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Physico-chemical properties of sediments --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Physico-chemical properties of overlying water --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Phosphorus fractionation in sediments --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Phosphorus fractions in sediments of the Hong Kong Wetland Park --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Phosphorus fractions in sediments of the Mai Po Marshes --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Phosphorus fractions in relation to mobility and bioavailability --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Phosphorus Sorption by Wetland Sediments in Hong Kong / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Sample collection and analysis --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Batch incubation experiments --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Sorption kinetics --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effects of selected environmental factors on phosphorus sorption --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Estimation of sorption parameters --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Phosphorus sorption parameters of wetland sediments --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Phosphorus adsorption isotherms --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- The role of sediments in phosphate buffering --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3.1.3 --- Relationships between phosphorus sorption parameters and physico-chemical properties of sediments --- p.121 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Kinetics of phosphorus adsorption --- p.124 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effects of environmental factors on phosphorus sorption --- p.128 / Chapter 5.3.3.1 --- Effects of pH --- p.128 / Chapter 5.3.3.2 --- Effects of salinity --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.3.3 --- Effects of temperature --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.136 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Phosphorus Flux from Wetland Sediments in Hong Kong / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.139 / Chapter 6.2 --- Methodology --- p.140 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Sample collection and analysis --- p.140 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Core incubation experiments --- p.141 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Estimation of phosphorus flux --- p.142 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.142 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.143 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Phosphorus flux from wetland sediments --- p.143 / Chapter 6.3.1.1 --- Phosphorus flux from sediments in the Hong Kong Wetland Park --- p.143 / Chapter 6.3.1.2 --- Phosphorus flux from sediments in the Mai Po Marshes --- p.147 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Effects of redox conditions on sediment phosphorus flux --- p.152 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusions --- p.156 / Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusion / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.159 / Chapter 7.2 --- Summary of major findings --- p.159 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of study --- p.166 / Chapter 7.4 --- Suggestions for future study --- p.166 / References --- p.169