In the northern Gulf of Mexico, seafloor hydrocarbon fluid and gas seepage is an ubiquitous process on the continental margin. Although seafloor seepage and seep-related features (mud volcanoes, carbonate formation) have been studied for many years, little is known about their mechanisms of formation and the relationship of sub-surface structure to current seep activity. In this study, we examined three seafloor seeps in the Garden Banks and Mississippi Canyon areas using exploration and reprocessed 3D multi-channel seismic (MCS) data augmented with side-scan sonar (Garden Banks site) to characterize hydrocarbon seep activity and develop an understanding of the processes that led to their formation. Side-scan sonar data provided high resolution coverage of the seafloor while the exploration seismic data were used to image near and deep sub-surface features. Additionally, the 3D amplitude extraction maps were useful in delineating amplitude anomalies often associated with seep related activity. The reprocessed 3D seismic data were used to map in greater detail near seafloor features and amplitude anomalies. Using remote sensing geophysical data, we were effectively able to map sub-surface features such as salt topography, seep-related faults and geophysical indicators of hydrocarbons and correlate them with seafloor amplitude anomalies and fault traces in order to characterize seep activity level. The southern mud volcano in the Garden Banks site is characterized as an established high flux seep vent owing to signs of active seepage and sediment flows as well as the build-up of hard grounds. The northern mud volcano in the area, with greater hard ground build-up and fewer signs of active seepage represents an established low flux seep vent. In the Mississippi Canyon area, the data suggest that the seep mound can be characterized as a mature high flux vent due to the extensive build-up of hard ground, evidence of gas hydrates and signs of active seepage and sediment flows. The mechanisms of formation are similar between the two study sites. Upwelling salt appears to have fractured the sub-surface leading to the formation of fault induced depressions. Mapping of geophysical indicators of hydrocarbons implies that hydrocarbon migration is occurring along bedding planes to the fault systems underlying the depressions. Here they appear to migrate vertically to the seafloor creating the topographic features and seafloor amplitude anomalies that characterize the seeps

Reservoir history matching is becoming increasingly important with the growing demand for higher quality formation characterization and forecasting and the increased complexity and expenses for modern hydrocarbon exploration projects. History matching has long been dominated by adjusting reservoir parameters based solely on well data whose spatial sparse sampling has been a challenge for characterizing the flow properties in areas away from the wells. Geophysical data are widely collected nowadays for reservoir monitoring purposes, but has not yet been fully integrated into history matching and forecasting fluid flow. In this thesis, I present a pioneering approach towards incorporating different time-lapse geophysical data together for enhancing reservoir history matching and uncertainty quantification. The thesis provides several approaches to efficiently integrate multiple geophysical data, analyze the sensitivity of the history matches to observation noise, and examine the framework’s performance in several settings, such as the Norne field in Norway. The results demonstrate the significant improvements in reservoir forecasting and characterization and the synergy effects encountered between the different geophysical data. In particular, the joint use of electromagnetic and seismic data improves the accuracy of forecasting fluid properties, and the usage of electromagnetic data has led to considerably better estimates of hydrocarbon fluid components. For volatile oil and gas reservoirs the joint integration of gravimetric and InSAR data has shown to be beneficial in detecting the influx of water and thereby improving the recovery rate. Summarizing, this thesis makes an important contribution towards integrated reservoir management and multiphysics integration for reservoir history matching.

No

No description available.

O escudo Sul-riograndense tem sua importância econômica ligada às várias mineralizações de metais base e ouro como as áreas de Camaquã, Caçapava do Sul, Lavras do Sul e São Sepé. A região é objeto de estudos geológicos desde muito tempo e vários trabalhos já foram publicados a respeito, porém todos estes mostram grande complexidade tanto quanto à origem e evolução do escudo como para as ocorrências minerais nela presentes. O presente estudo utilizou um conjunto de análises multivariadas para dados aerogeofísicos e sensoriamento remoto em parte do Escudo do Rio Grande do Sul para verificar a contribuição destas técnicas para a otimização de recursos tanto financeiros quanto de tempo na execução dos projetos de pesquisa mineral naquela região. Os resultados mostraram que o uso destas técnicas contribui para a discriminação de grupos relacionados às litologias descritas para a área de pesquisa de forma muito mais clara que o uso das metodologias de forma individualizada. Embora não tenha revelado as assinaturas das ocorrências minerais pode ser utilizada para a discriminação destas dentro dos grupos formados pelas análises. / The Rio Grande do Sul Shield has its economic importance connected to the diverse gold and base metals mineralization that occurs in that area, such as Camaqua Basin, Cacapava, Lavras do Sul and São Sepé granitite intrusions. The region has been the subject of geological studies for a long time and several papers have been published about it, but they show great complexity for both the origin and evolution of the Shield and the mineral occurrences in it. The present study used a set of multivariate analysis for airborne geophysics and remote sensing data in part of the Rio Grande do Sul Shield, to verify the contribution of these techniques for the optimization of time and financial resources for the implementation of projects of mineral exploration. The results confirm that their use contribute to the discrimination of groups related to the described lithology in the area in a more clearly way that using these methodologies individually. Although the signatures of mineral occurrences have not been revealed, they can be used for their discrimination, based on the groups resultant from the analysis.

Studies of geologic and geophysical data from the offshore of India have revealed two geologically distinct areas with inferred gas hydrate occurrences: the passive continental margins of the Indian Peninsula and along the Andaman convergent margin. The Indian National Gas Hydrate Program (NGHP) Expedition 01 was designed to study the occurrence of gas hydrate off the Indian Peninsula and along the Andaman convergent margin with special emphasis on understanding the geologic and geochemical controls on the occurrence of gas hydrate in these two diverse settings. NGHP Expedition 01 established the presence of gas hydrates in Krishna- Godavari, Mahanadi and Andaman basins. The expedition discovered one of the richest gas hydrate accumulations yet documented (Site 10 in the Krishna-Godavari Basin), documented the thickest and deepest gas hydrate stability zone yet known (Site 17 in Andaman Sea), and established the existence of a fully-developed gas hydrate system in the Mahanadi Basin (Site 19).

Submitted by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2016-10-26T18:41:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Francisco Abel Pompeu de Campos.pdf: 70872941 bytes, checksum: b024750939c3049ca924a44256ee3d16 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2016-11-03T14:10:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Francisco Abel Pompeu de Campos.pdf: 70872941 bytes, checksum: b024750939c3049ca924a44256ee3d16 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-03T14:10:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Francisco Abel Pompeu de Campos.pdf: 70872941 bytes, checksum: b024750939c3049ca924a44256ee3d16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-01 / CAPES / O Lineamento Transbrasiliano é a mais importante zona de falha de escala continental reconhecida no Brasil, transecta a plataforma sul-americana em uma direção NE-SW, influenciando nas diversas compartimentações desta plataforma desde o brasiliano, entre elas relaciona-se a evolução e estruturação da bacia do Paraná. Há pelo menos três reativações reconhecidas desde o Devoniano, a última relacionada a abertura do Atlântico Sul no Cretáceo com geração do magmatismo Serra Geral associado à Bacia do Paraná. Interpretações qualitativas de lineamentos magnéticos, sugerem descontinuidades magnéticas relacionadas ao trend principal do Lineamento Transbrasiliano sob a Bacia do Paraná na Região nordeste do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Os resultados da aplicação de filtragem combinada - Matched Filtering indica três níveis magnetométricos com suas respectivas profundidades, onde sua continuidade vertical chega a pelo menos 25 quilômetros. Domínios de alta frequência podem ser relacionados ao magmatismo no nível mais raso desta filtragem na porção leste da área de estudos, não havendo indicação da presença do mesmo na porção central e oeste da área. Associa-se a ausência do magmatismo Serra Geral nesta região a falhamentos de natureza extensional característico de um padrão do tipo horst, com posterior caráter erosivo recorrente às atividades hidrográficas. Um sistema oblíquo intersecta as descontinuidades principais deslocando-os num rearranjo estrutural dos blocos evidenciados nos dados geofísicos e em controle de campo, com sistemas de juntas impostas ao magmatismo de idade cretácea. / The Transbrasiliano Lineament is the most important continental scale fault zone recognized in Brazil, crosscuts the South American platform in a NE-SW direction, influencing several domains in this platform since the brasiliano, including the Paraná Basin development and structuring. There are at least three reactivations recognized since the Devonian, the latter related to the opening of the South Atlantic in Cretaceous with generation of the Serra Geral magmatism associated with the Paraná Basin. Qualitative interpretations of magnetic lineaments suggest magnetic discontinuity related to the main trend of the Transbrasiliano Lineament concealed by Paraná Basin in the northeastern of Mato Grosso do Sul state. The results of the Matched Filtering application shows three magnetometric levels with their respective depths where its vertical continuity reaches at least 25 km. High-frequency fields can be related to the magmatism in the shallow level of this filtering in the eastern portion of the study area, with no indication of the presence in the central and western portion of the area. Is associated with absence of the Serra Geral magmatism in this region faults characteristic of extensional nature in a standard horst type, with subsequent recurring erosive character of river activities. An oblique system intersects the main discontinuities moving them in a structural rearrangement of the blocks evidenced in the geophysical data and field control, with joints imposed on magmatism with cretaceous age.

O escudo Sul-riograndense tem sua importância econômica ligada às várias mineralizações de metais base e ouro como as áreas de Camaquã, Caçapava do Sul, Lavras do Sul e São Sepé. A região é objeto de estudos geológicos desde muito tempo e vários trabalhos já foram publicados a respeito, porém todos estes mostram grande complexidade tanto quanto à origem e evolução do escudo como para as ocorrências minerais nela presentes. O presente estudo utilizou um conjunto de análises multivariadas para dados aerogeofísicos e sensoriamento remoto em parte do Escudo do Rio Grande do Sul para verificar a contribuição destas técnicas para a otimização de recursos tanto financeiros quanto de tempo na execução dos projetos de pesquisa mineral naquela região. Os resultados mostraram que o uso destas técnicas contribui para a discriminação de grupos relacionados às litologias descritas para a área de pesquisa de forma muito mais clara que o uso das metodologias de forma individualizada. Embora não tenha revelado as assinaturas das ocorrências minerais pode ser utilizada para a discriminação destas dentro dos grupos formados pelas análises. / The Rio Grande do Sul Shield has its economic importance connected to the diverse gold and base metals mineralization that occurs in that area, such as Camaqua Basin, Cacapava, Lavras do Sul and São Sepé granitite intrusions. The region has been the subject of geological studies for a long time and several papers have been published about it, but they show great complexity for both the origin and evolution of the Shield and the mineral occurrences in it. The present study used a set of multivariate analysis for airborne geophysics and remote sensing data in part of the Rio Grande do Sul Shield, to verify the contribution of these techniques for the optimization of time and financial resources for the implementation of projects of mineral exploration. The results confirm that their use contribute to the discrimination of groups related to the described lithology in the area in a more clearly way that using these methodologies individually. Although the signatures of mineral occurrences have not been revealed, they can be used for their discrimination, based on the groups resultant from the analysis.

[pt] Nos últimos anos, a geofísicos tem se dedicado ao aprimoramento da qualidade dos dados sísmicos por meio da atenuação de ruído e interpolação de sismogramas usando métodos puramente baseados em CNN. Métodos baseados em CNN podem alcançar resultados estado-da-arte para remoção de ruídos. No entanto, eles não se aplicam a cenários sem dados de treinamento emparelhados (ou seja, dados sísmicos ruidosos e dados sísmicos sem ruído correspondentes). Neste trabalho, tratamos a atenuação de ruídos de dados sísmicos como um problema de atenuação de ruído cega, que consiste em remover ruídos desconhecidos sem dados pareados. Em outras palavras, a base usada pelo modelo de denoiser é aprendida a partir das próprias amostras ruidosas durante o treinamento. Motivado por este contexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é propor um método autosupervisionado para atenuação cega de dados sísmicos, que não requer análise prévia do sinal sísmico, nenhuma estimativa do ruído e nenhum dado de treinamento pareado. O método proposto assume dois conjuntos de dados: um contendo shot gathers com ruídos e o outro com shot gathers sem ruídos. A partir desses dados, treinamos dois modelos: (1) Seismic Noise Transfer (SNT), que aprende a produzir shot gathers com ruído sintético contendo o ruído dos shot gathers com ruído e o sinal dos shot gathers sem ruído; E (2) Sismic Neural Denoiser (SND), que aprende a mapear os shot gathers com ruído sintético de volta aos shot gathers sem ruído original. Após o treinamento, o SND sozinho é usado para remover o ruído das capturas ruidosas originais. Nosso modelo SNT adapta o algoritmo Neural Style Transfer (NST) ao domínio sísmico. Além disso, nosso modelo SND consiste em uma nova arquitetura CNN baseada em fusão de atributos em várias escalas para eliminação de ruído em shot gathers. Nosso método produziu resultados promissores em experimentos, alcançando um ganho de PSNR de 0,9 em comparação com outros modelos de última geração. / [en] In the last years, the geophysics community has been devoted to seismic data quality enhancement by noise attenuation and seismogram interpolation using CNN-based methods. Discriminative CNN-based methods can achieve state-of-the-art denoising results. However, they do not apply to scenarios without paired training data (i.e., noisy seismic data and corresponding ground-truth noise-free seismic data). In this work, we treat seismic data denoising as a blind denoising problem to remove unknown noise from noisy shot gathers without ground truth training data. The basis used by the denoiser model is learned from the noisy samples themselves during training. Motivated by this context, the main goal of this work is to propose a selfsupervised method for blind denoising of seismic data, which requires no prior seismic signal analysis, no estimate of the noise, and no paired training data. Our proposed self-supervised method assumes two given datasets: one containing noisy shot gathers and the other noise-free shot gathers. From this data, we train two models: (1) Seismic Noise Transfer (SNT), which learns to produce synthetic-noisy shot gathers containing the noise from noisy shot gathers and the signal from noise-free shot gathers; And (2) Seismic Neural Denoiser (SND), which learns to map the syntheticnoisy shot gather back to original noise-free shot gather. After training, SND alone is used to remove the noise from the original noisy shot gathers. Our SNT model adapts the Neural Style Transfer (NST) algorithm to the seismic domain. In addition, our SND model consists of a novel multi-scale feature-fusion-based CNN architecture for seismic shot gather denoising. Our method produced promising results in a holdout experiment, achieving a PSNR gain of 0.9 compared to other state-of-the-art models.

Les systèmes turbiditiques forment de grands édifices sédimentaires sous-marins situés au large des fleuves en pied de pente continentale et constituent les dépôts terrigènes les plus distaux d’un système fluviatile. Leur structure interne, définie comme un empilement de systèmes chenal-levées, montre des changements architecturaux au cours du temps dont les forçages sont encore mal connus, et le rôle respectif des facteurs de contrôle interne (lié au fonctionnement propre du système) ou externe (climat, variations du niveau marin, tectonique) reste sujet à débats. Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle de ces facteurs de contrôle, une étude détaillée de l’architecture du système Congo a été réalisée. Cette étude a été menée dans le cadre du projet de recherche Reprezaï (Ifremer/IUEM, depuis 2006), faisant suite aux projets Guiness et ZaïAngo (Ifremer/Total, 1992-2003), projets au cours desquels de nombreuses campagnes en mer ont permis l'acquisition d’une importante base de données géophysiques et géologiques. Une analyse quantitative de différents paramètres architecturaux des chenaux (longueur totale, longueur construite après avulsion, entre autres) de l’Edifice Axial du Congo (derniers 200 ka) révèle des cycles sédimentaires de progradation et rétrogradation des dépôt-centres, les plus grandes rétrogradations correspondant à des avulsions situées très en amont dans l’édifice turbiditique. Les dépôts-centres identifiés à la terminaison des chenaux correspondent à des complexes de lobes (selon la nomenclature de Prélat et al., 2009) relativement allongés dont les volumes (de 3 à 196 km3) varient considérablement dans le temps et l'espace sans pour autant montrer de cycles de variation comme pour les autres paramètres. Le volume cumulé de ces complexes de lobes reconnus représente jusqu'à 31% du volume de l’Edifice Axial. L’étude multiproxies (datations 14C, δ18O, mesures XRF, Carbone Organique Total, …) de carottes prélevées sur les chenaux les plus progradants et les plus rétrogradants, a fourni un cadre chronologique permettant de caler temporellement ces cycles sédimentaires. L’évolution temporelle des paramètres architecturaux a été comparée avec les variations des signaux paléoenvironnementaux et paléoclimatiques (pollens, COT, mesures XRF et MSCL, argiles…) enregistrés par une carotte de référence située en domaine hémipélagique et contemporaine de la construction de l’Edifice Axial. Les résultats mettent en évidence un lien étroit entre l’évolution architecturale de l’édifice turbiditique et les décharges fluviatiles du Congo. Ces dernières, mais aussi l’extension du couvert végétal sur le bassin versant, contrôlent le rapport sable/argile et donc, en partie, la capacité de transport des courants turbiditiques. Ces deux facteurs dépendent des précipitations liées aux variations d’intensité de la mousson en relation avec les cycles de précession (19-23 ka, Milankovitch). Un scénario de mise en place des systèmes chenal-levées et lobes de l’Edifice Axial en fonction des variations climatiques arides/humides sur le bassin versant a ainsi pu être proposé grâce à de bonnes contraintes stratigraphiques pour les derniers 40 ka. En période aride, les courants turbiditiques, peu fréquents et avec un fort rapport sable/argile qui diminue leur capacité de transport, sont propices à l'aggradation des chenaux, engendrant des conditions favorables pour la création ultérieure d’avulsions en amont. En période de transition aride/humide, lorsque le couvert végétal est encore peu développé, la décharge fluviatile accompagnée d’une charge solide importante augmente le volume des courants turbiditiques, favorisant les avulsions en amont du système. Enfin, les périodes humides, caractérisées par un débit liquide fort associé à une charge solide essentiellement argileuse qui décroît au fur et à mesure que le couvert végétal s’étend, génèrent des courants de turbidité dont la capacité de transport diminue au cours du temps […] / Turbidite systems are huge submarine sedimentary fans located off rivers, at the foot of the continental slope. They constitute the most distal terrigeneous deposits of a fluvial system. Their internal structure, defined as a stacking of channel-levee systems, show architectural changes through time. Forcing factors of these architectural changesare still poorly understood, and the respective role of internal (related to the own functioning of the system) or external forcing factors (climate, seal-level variations, tectonics) remains debated. To better understand the role of these controlling factors, a detailed study of the Congo system architecture was carried out. This study was conducted as part of the Reprezaï research project (Ifremer/IUEM, since 2006), following the Guiness and ZaïAngo projects (Ifremer/Total, 1992-2003), during which many oceanographic surveys allowed acquiring an important geophysical and geological data base. A quantitative analysis of different architectural parameters from the channels (e.g. total length, length built after avulsion,…) of the Congo Axial Fan (last 200 ka) reveals progradational-retrogradational sedimentary cycles of the depocenters, the highest retrogradations corresponding to avulsions located very upfan. Depocenters identified at the termination of the channels correspond to relatively elongated lobe complexes (according to the nomenclature of Prélat et al., 2009) with greatly variable volumes (from 3 to 196 km3) both in time and space, without any cyclicity like that identified by other parameters. The cumulative volume of these lobe complexes represents up to 31% of the Axial Fan volume. The multiproxies study (14C dating, δ18O, XRF measurements, Total Organic Carbon…) of cores sampled on the most prograding and retrograding channels provided a chronological framework to these sedimentary cycles. The temporal evolution of the architectural parameters was compared with changes in paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic signals (pollens, TOC, XRF and MSCL measurements, clay mineralogy,…) recorded in the sediments of a reference core deposited simultaneously to the Axial Fan, but located outside the turbidite flows. Results highlight a strong link between the architectural evolution of the turbidite system and the Congo River discharge. These, as well as the expansion of the vegetation cover in the catchment area, control the sand/clay ratio and thus, at least partly, the transport capacity of turbidity currents that build the channel-levee systems. Both factors depend on rainfall related to the monsoon intensity variations in relation with precession (19-23 ka Milankovitch). A scenario for the deposition of channel-levee systems and lobes of the Axial Fan in link with arid/humid climate variations in the catchment area has been proposed thanks to good stratigraphic constraints for the last 40 ka. During arid periods, turbidity currents are infrequent and present a high sand/clay ratio which decreases their transport capacity. These turbidity currents are suitable to channel aggradation, generating favorable conditions for the subsequent creation of upfan avulsion. During periods of transition of arid to humid conditions, when the canopy is still underdeveloped, fluvial discharge and significant sediment load increases result in an increase of the turbidity currents volume, which favors upfan avulsions. Finally, during humid periods, Congo discharge is characterized by a strong liquid flow and a mainly clayey solid discharge which decreases gradually as the canopy extends. These conditions generate turbidity currents with decreasing transport capacity through time. However the transport capacity of these currents remains sufficient to reach distal portions of the systems and favor channels progradation. This climatic factor seems therefore to regularly disrupt the more perennial internal control which is also highlighted by the Congo Axial Fan architecture.